Berns’ (1990) second argument is that the difference between focus on
meaning and focus on form is the difference between focus on lexis and fo-
cus on structure. She points out,
in a series of questions based on information given in a train schedule learn-
ers would not distinguish between “when does the train reach Katpadi?,
”When does the train leave Katpadi?" How long does the train stay at
Katpadi." Instead, they would treat each question as being the same except
for lexical changes . . . (p. 164)
Based on this observation, Berns concludes that the CTP is focusing on learn-
ing how to mean in the Hallidayan sense and is, therefore, concerned with
ideational meaning. One wonders whether learning how to mean with all its
social semiotic dimensions (cf: chap. 1, this volume) can be reduced to learn-
ing how to solve problems, which is almost entirely a cognitive activity.
Furthermore, Berns (1990) said rather emphatically that the purpose of
the CTP “is, in fact, the development of communicative competence” (p.
166). She maintains that the Indian school-age learners develop communi-
cative competence because, they “are developing the ability to express, in-
terpret, and negotiate meaning in the classroom setting in which they use
English” (p. 166). As we discussed earlier, what the CTP class offers in
plenty is interaction as a textual activity where the learner’s attempt to ex-
press, interpret, and negotiate is confined to developing linguistic knowl-
edge/ability and not pragmatic knowledge/ability. It is unfair to expect the
CTP pedagogists to deliver something that they say is not their business.
Prabhu (1987, p. 1) makes it very clear that the focus of the CTP was not on
“communicative competence” in the sense of achieving social or situational
appropriacy, but rather on “grammatical competence” itself. In fact, one of
the reasons why he rejects the suitability of learner-centered pedagogies
with its emphasis on sociocultural elements of L2 to the Indian context is
that Indian students do not generally need the English language for every-
day communicative purposes. The CTP is fundamentally based on the phi-
losophy that communication in the classroom could be “a good means of
developing grammatical competence in learners, quite independently of
the issue of developing functional or social appropriacy in language use”
(Prabhu, 1987, pp. 15–16).
To sum up, as far as classroom procedures are concerned, learning-
centered pedagogy is exclusively and narrowly concerned with meaning-
based input modifications to the exclusion of explicit form-based, and
form-and meaning-based input modifications. In terms of interactional ac-
tivities, it is primarily concerned with interaction as a textual activity and
narrowly with interaction as an interpersonal activity, and negligibly with in-
teraction as an ideational activity.
LEARNING-CENTERED METHODS
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