Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod


 Communication Strategies



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(ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series) B. Kumaravadivelu - Understanding Language Teaching From Method to Post-Method-Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (2006)

2.3.3.2. Communication Strategies.
In addition to learning strategies, L2
learners also use what are called communication strategies, which are “po-
tentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a
problem in reaching a particular communicative goal” (Faerch & Kasper,
1980, p. 81). These are compensatory or coping strategies that learners em-
ploy in order to make do with their still-developing linguistic and pragmatic
knowledge/ability. One of the earliest taxonomies of communication strate-
gies is the one proposed by Tarone (1977). It has three broad categories:
paraphrase
, involving the use of an elaborate descriptive phrase instead of a
core lexical item;
borrowing
, involving a word-for-word literal translation from
native language; or
avoidance
, involving the attempt to avoid using a required
expression or just to give up the effort to communicate. Other taxonomies
(e.g., Paribakht, 1985; Dornyei & Scott, 1997) provide more elaborate and
more nuanced lists of communication strategies used by L2 learners.
LEARNING: FACTORS AND PROCESSES
37


Although earlier taxonomies of communication strategies focused on
product-oriented, surface-level features, subsequent research (e.g., Bialy-
stok, 1990; Bialystok & Kellerman, 1987; Dornyei & Scott, 1997; Kumara-
vadivelu, 1988) attempted to differentiate surface-level communication
strategies from deep-level psychological processes. Bialystok & Kellerman,
for instance, suggest that the strategic behavior of learners can be classified
into linguistic and conceptual strategies. The
linguistic strategy
refers to the
use of features and structures from another language (usually L1), and the
conceptual strategy
refers to the manipulation of the intended concept. They
further divide conceptual strategy into two possible approaches: holistic
and analytic.
Holistic
approach involves using a similar referent, as in
stove
for
microwave
.
Analytic
approach involves selecting criterial properties of the
referent, as in
a machine that cooks and defrosts very fast by means of waves
for
mi-
crowave
.
Although scholars differ on the relative explanatory power of various tax-
onomies, and the complex nature of implicit and explicit mental processes
that are involved in the use of communication strategies, they generally
agree that they are “responsible for plans, whether implicit or explicit, by
which communication is shaped” (
Routledge Encyclopedia
, 2000, p. 577).
There is, thus, a general consensus on the facilitating role played by tactical
factors in L2 development. Tactical factors can help learners pay attention
to potentially useful linguistic input and also promote opportunities for ne-
gotiation thereby activating necessary cognitive processes.

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