7.2.2.2. Interaction as an Interpersonal Activity.
Interaction as an inter-
personal activity offers participants in the L2 class opportunities to establish
and maintain social relationships and individual identities through pair
and/or group activities. It enhances personal rapport and lowers the affec-
tive filter. Of the two learning-centered methods considered here, the NA
has deliberately introduced what are called affective-humanistic activities
involving the learner’s wants, needs, feelings, and emotions. These activi-
ties are carried out mainly through dialogues, role-plays, and interviews. At
the initial stages of language production, these activities begin with short
dialogues that contain a number of routines and patterns although more
open-ended role-plays and interviews are used at later stages. Consider the
following:
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CHAPTER 7
1. Dialogue:
Student 1: What do you like to do on Saturdays?
Student 2: I like to ————.
Student 1: Did you ————- last Saturday?
Student 2: Yes, I did.
(No, I didn’t. I ————-.) (p. 100)
2. Role-play:
You are a young girl who is sixteen years old. You went out with a
friend at eight o’clock. You are aware of the fact that your parents
require you to be at home at 11:00 at the latest. But you return at
12:30 and your father is very angry.
Your father:
Well, I’m waiting for an explanation.
Why did you return so late?
You:
———————— (p. 101).
3. Interview:
When you were a child, did you have a nickname? What games did
you play? When during childhood did you first notice the differ-
ence between boys and girls? What is something you once saw that
gave you a scare? (p. 102)
These affective-humanistic activities, as Krashen and Terrell (1983)
pointed out, have several advantages: they have the potential to lower affec-
tive filters, to provide opportunities for interaction in the target language,
to allow the use of routines and patterns, and to provide comprehensible
input. Once again, even though dialogues, role-plays and interviews have
been used in language- and learner-centered pedagogies, the affective-
humanistic activities advocated by learning-centered pedagogists are sup-
posed to form the center of the program and are expected to help learners
regulate input and manage conversations.
Unlike the NA, the CTP does not, by design, promote interaction as an
interpersonal activity. The CTP treats affective-humanistic activities as inci-
dental to teacher-directed reasoning. In that sense, it is relatively more
teacher fronted than the NA. Interaction as an interpersonal activity
through pair and group work is avoided mainly because of “a risk of fossil-
ization—that is to say of learners’ internal systems becoming too firm too
soon and much less open to revision when superior data are available”
(Prabhu, 1987, p. 82). Empirical evidence, however, suggests that the fear
of fossilization is not really well-founded. A substantial body of L2 inter-
actional studies demonstrates that pair and group activities produce more
interactional opportunities than teacher-fronted activities. They also show
that learner–learner interaction produces more opportunities for negotia-
tion of meaning than do teacher–learner interactions, thus contributing to
LEARNING-CENTERED METHODS
153
better comprehension and eventually to quicker system development (see
chap. 3, this volume, for details). Besides, avoiding learner–learner interac-
tion may be depriving the learner of language output that can feed back
into the input loop (see chap. 2, this volume).
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