Ultrathin Fluidic Laminates for Large‐Area Façade Integration and Smart Windows

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seems to be lower than at the opposite corner. By increasing 
the input fl ow rate, this trend decreases and fi nally disap-
pears, leading to a homogeneous distribution of the fl uid over 
all capillaries, as suggested in Figure 3 B. Regarding the fl uid 
motion within the system, the simulation model could not be 
validated experimentally, yet. Indeed, according to Figure 5 , 
the calculated fl ow velocity distribution within the system 
does not perfectly match reality. According to the simulation 
results, a homogeneous distribution would rather be expected 
(see
Figure
8
). 
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Figure 3. 
Infrared imaging of fl uidic window elements. Images are shown for a cooling experiment from about 60 
°
C (steady heat injection of 
510 W m 
−
2
) with constant inlet temperature of 23 
°
C. A) Effect of fl ow rate after achieving steady state. B) Effect of time at a fl ow rate of 80 mL min 
−
1
. 
In all images, the input is on the bottom right and the output on the top left.
Figure 4. 
Schematic of the experimental set-up for thermal performance testing on fl uidic window elements. A) General set-up. B) Setting-up of the 
capillary glass element.

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2.4. Optical Properties and Rendering 
In the last years, about half of all big offi ce and administra-
tion buildings (with height 
>
100 m) as well as a multitude of 
smaller buildings were designed in partially or fully transparent 
multifunctional design. The main reason for the increased use 
of multifunctional façades or windows is their capability to con-
tribute to sustainability in terms of resources/energy saving 
and to an improvement of comfort, subject to the previous para-
graphs. A further issue is the visual appearance and, associated, 
the contribution to a pleasant indoor climate. The façade has to 
provide suffi cient transparency and still secure privacy, what is 
a major boundary rule in the designing of façades. While the 
fl uidic windows presented here draw on the ideal transparency 
of nonstructured, homogeneous glasses, they enable some new 
design features which have previously not been available. As 
shown in Figure 2 C, depending on the optical properties of the 
liquid and the shape of the channel cross-section, translucency, 
and shading effects occur. These can dedicatedly be tailored 
(