Experimentation and Uncertainty
Learning is a process of experimenting in two ways. First, the act of learning
itself is a kind of trial and error. Practicing directly, getting feedback, and
trying to summon up the right answers to problems are all ways of adjusting
the knowledge and skills you have in your head to the real world. Second, the
act of experimenting also lies in the process of trying out your learning
methods. Try out different approaches, and use the ones that work best for
you. The principles I’ve tried to articulate in this book should provide good
starting points. But they are guidelines, not iron rules; starting points, not
destinations. Only by experimenting will you be able to find the right trade-
offs between different principles—for instance, when directness is more
important and when you should focus on drills or whether retention or
intuition is the main obstacle to learning. Experimenting will also help you
decide among small differences in approach that no list of principles could
possibly cover exhaustively.
Having a mindset of experimentation will also encourage you to explore
beyond what you feel most comfortable doing. Many people stick to the same
routines, the same narrow set of methods, they apply to learning everything.
As a result, there are a lot of things they struggle to learn because they don’t
know the best way to do so. Copying exemplars, running tests, and pushing
to extremes are all ways to push outside your ingrained habits and try out
something different. That process will teach you not just abstract learning
principles but concrete tactics that will accommodate your personality,
interests, strengths, and weaknesses. Are you better off learning a language
through practicing speaking or engaging in lots of input through movies and
books? Are you better off learning programming by building your own game
or working on open-source projects? These questions don’t have a single
correct answer, and people have achieved success using a wide variety of
different methods.
My own experience with learning has been one of constant
experimentation. In university, I focused a lot on making associations and
connections. During the MIT Challenge, I switched to making practice the
foundation. In my first experience learning a language, I was sloppy,
speaking English most of the time. In the second round, I experimented with
going to another extreme, to see if I could avoid that sticking point. While
doing projects, I’ve had to adjust my methods frequently. Even though it was
only thirty days long, my portrait-drawing challenge involved a lot of trial
and error from starting by doing sketches and, when my progress using that
approach slowed, trying to do sketches even faster to get more feedback.
When that, too, had reached its limits, I spent some time learning a different
technique altogether to achieve greater accuracy.
Embedded in my successes are many failures—times where I thought I
could get something to work and it ended up failing miserably. Early on in
learning Chinese, I thought I could use some kind of mnemonic system to
remember the words, with colors for tones and memorized symbols for the
syllables. That was because my normal sounds-like method for visual
mnemonics wasn’t working with the words, which all sounded so different
from English. The result was a total failure, and it didn’t work at all! Other
times, my experiments with new methods worked out great. Most of the
techniques I’ve shared in this book thus far started as ideas I wasn’t sure
would pan out.
Experimentation is the principle that ties all the others together. Not only
does it make you try new things and think hard about how to solve specific
learning challenges, it also encourages you to be ruthless in discarding
methods that don’t work. Careful experimentation not only brings out your
best potential, it also eliminates bad habits and superstitions by putting them
to the test of real-world results.
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