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Derivational compound (also compound-derivative) is a compound which is formed by two simultaneous processes - composition and derivation (red-haired <- [red-+hair-]+-ed; open-hearted, B-movie). In a derivational compound the structural integrity of two free stems is ensured by a suffix referring to the combination as a whole.
Endocentric [ yndoo' srntrik] compound is a compound in which the referent is named by one of the components and given a further characteristic by the other, e.g. sunrise, colour-blind. In most cases, the left-hand component specifies more narrowly the meaning of the right-hand component, which is the semantic head of the compound, for example, dog food is a type of food, cave man is a type of man.
Exocentric [ ,Eksoo' srntrik] compound is a compound in which only the combination of both components names the referent. For instance, scarecrow denotes the agent (a person or a thing) who or which performs an action named by the combination of the stems. In this case it is a person or a thing employed in scaring birds. Other examples: cutthroat, turncoat, bigwig.
Compound-shortened word is a word in which the first component is an initial abbreviation with the alphabetic reading and the second one is a complete word, e.g. A-bomb (atomic bomb). In some cases the first component is a complete word and the second component is an initial abbreviation with the alphabetic pronunciation, e.g. Three-Ds (three dimensions).
Clipped compound is a word made up of the components that both come from the beginnings of words. For example, biopic bio[graphical] + pic[ture], kidvid <- kid + vid[eo]. Some linguists qualify such words as blends.
Pseudo-compound ['sju:doo] is not actually a compound at all, it is a case of folk/false etymology, for example, Mayday.
Practical Assignment
Analyze thefollowing words according to their morphemic types. Define the subtypes of polymorphic words. Classify polyradical words into two groups:
words consisting of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes;
words containing two roots and one or more affixational morphemes.
Model: duck, illiterateness, back-bencher.
The word duck is monomorphic. The word illiterateness is polymorphic, monoradical, prefixo-radical-suffixal. The word back-bencher is polymorphic, polyradical, contains two roots and one affixational morpheme (group 2).
House, uncover, dark-brown, disappointment, effective, black, historian, book-keeper, cry, mistrust, unanswerable, home-sick, good, ex-wife, laughter- filled, go, unfortunately, age-long, manageability, short-sightedness.
State the difference in meaning of the given compounds possessing different distributional patterns. Find examples of your own.
Model: finger-ring - ring-finger.
The compound word finger-ring denotes 'a ring which is worn on a finger', whereas the compound word ring-finger means 'the finger next to the little finger, especially of the left hand, on which the wedding ring is worn'. The different order and arrangement of the same ICs (i.e. different distributional patterns) signal the difference in meaning.
Boathouse - houseboat; play-boy - boy-play; pot-flower - flowerpot; life-boat - boat-life; board-school - school-board; dog-house - house-dog; pot-pie - pie-pot; boy-toy - toy-boy, plant-house - house-plant.
Classify the given compound words according to the means of composition into three groups: 1. words composed without connecting elements;
words composed with the help of vowels or consonants as linking elements;
words composed with the help of prepositions or conjunctions as linking elements.
Model: Oxford-educated, electro-magnetic, up-and-up.
Oxford-educated is a compound composed without connecting elements (group 1). Electro-magnetic is a compound composed with the help of the linking vowel о (group 2). Up-and-up is a compound composed with the help of the conjunction and as a linking element (group 3).
Make-and-break, saleswoman, up-to-date, heart-beat, down-and-out, electromotive, pale-blue, tragicomic, matter-of-fact, day-time, handiwork, up-and- coming, wind-driven, mother-in-law, oil-rich, craftsmanship, spokesman, sit-at- home, play-acting, good-for-nothing, Anglo-Saxon, blacklist, bridesmaid, one- to-one, water-mark, step-by-step, politico-military, sunflower, Anglo-Catholic, door-handle, out-of-town.
Arrange the compounds given below into two groups: a) idiomatic; b) non-idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within the idiomatic compounds is partial or total.
Light-hearted, adj.; butterfly, n.; homebody, n.; cabman, n.; mediumsized, adj.; blackberry, n.; bluebell, n.; good-for-nothing, adj.; wolf-dog, n.; highway, n.; dragon-fly, n.; looking-glass, n.; greengrocer, n.; bluestocking, n.; gooseberry, n.; necklace, n.; earthquake, n.; lazy-bones, n.
Give the plural of the following words.
Sister-in-law, man-of-war, man-eater, editor-in-chief, cast-away, stay-at- home, mother's mark, dress-hanger, footstep, stand-point.
Give structural formulas of the following words. Classify the words into: 1. suffixal derivatives; 2. prefixal derivatives; 3. conversions; 4. compound words.
Model: blackness, table-cloth.
The structural formula of the word blackness is a+-ness -> N. The given word is a suffixal derivative. The structural formula of the word table-cloth is n+n -> N. Table-cloth is a compound word.
To paper, speechless, pen-holder, irreplaceable, nothingness, to winter, agelong, fearsomely, sharpen, wind-driven, independence, ex-housewife.
Group the given compound words in accordance with the type of their bases into: 1. compounds proper; 2. derivational compounds. Give derivational patterns that will help you to distribute the derivational compounds into:
those . formed by means of suffixation; b) those formed by means of conversion.
Model: sky-blue, a show-off.
Sky-blue is a compound proper (group 1). A show-off is a derivational compound (group 2). Its derivational pattern is (v + adv) + conversion (subgroup b).
Heavy-hearted, low-born, a buyout, a peace-maker, a scatterbrain, pea- souper, thoroughgoing, to blackball, a businesswoman, an old-timer, a sidetrack, to keyboard, ill-mannered, awestruck, a baby-sitter, a low-brow, a go-getter, a looking-glass, a getaway, a typewriter, one-eyed, a mill-owner, to bluepencil, home-made, a sportsman, a teenager, stone-deaf, a castaway, a videodisc.
Find linguistic phenomena in the quotations
Never grow a wishbone, daughter, where your backbone ought to be (Clementine Paddleford). 2. I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by (Douglas Adams). 3. The police moved the rubbernecks on.
It’s interesting to know...
blogosphere
n. The collection of all bloggers, blog sites, blog readers, and blog text.
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