Учебное пособие предназначено для бакалавров всех специальностей и направлений подготовки радиотехнического факультета. В нем представлены материалы для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

UNIT 5

Task 1. Study new words and word combinations.

1	introduction	[ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n]	введение, вступление
2	compare	[kəm'pɛə]	сравнивать
3	compression	[kəm'preʃ(ə)n]	сжатие
4	come into use		начать использоваться
5	achieve	[ə'ʧiːv]	достигать
6	diode	['daɪəud]	диод
7	capacitor	[kə'pæsɪtə]	конденсатор
8	resistor	[rɪ'zɪstə]	резистор
9	separate	['sep(ə)rət]	отдельный
10	require	[rɪ'kwaɪə]	требовать
11	carbon	['kɑːb(ə)n]	углерод
12	ceramics	[sə'ræmɪks]	керамика
13	dielectric	[ˌdaɪɪ'lektrɪk]	диэлектрик
14	tungsten	['tʌŋstən]	вольфрам
15	create	[krɪ'eɪt]	создавать
16	specify	['spesɪfaɪ]	точно определять; детально излагать
17	transmitter	[trænz'mɪtə], [træns'mɪtə]	передатчик
18	receiver	[rɪ'siːvə]	приемник
19	complex	['kɔmpleks]	сложный
20	interconnection	[ˌɪntəkə'nekʃ(ə)n]	взаимная связь
21	simplify	['sɪmplɪfaɪ]	упрощать
22	logical	['lɔʤɪk(ə)l]	логический
23	assemble	[ə'sembl]	собирать
24	board	[bɔːd]	плата, подложка
25	plug	[plʌg]	включать в розетку, подсоединять
26	decrease	[dɪ'kriːs]	уменьшать
27	approach	[ə'prəuʧ]	подход
28	result in/ from	[rɪ'zʌlt]	приводить к чему-либо/ возникать в результате
29	embody		включать
30	density		плотность
31	comprise		включать в себя
32	per square inch	[skwɛə]	на квадратный дюйм

TASK 2. Study the following pronunciation rules of Participle II endings and divide all the regular verbs from UNITS 1-5 into three columns according to the way their endings are pronounced.
-ed
[id] [t] [d]
[t, d] voiceless consonants voiced consonants and vowels
wanted pushed played, called


TASK 3. Study the following table of Past Simple and the rules of its use.
We use it when we speak about:
Past actions that are finished now (I played computer games yesterday.)
Past habit (I always went to school on foot.)
A series of actions in the past (I took my things, left home and went to university.)
Time references: a moment ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, last week…
Past simple

?				+	-
What When Where Why How How much How many Which	did	I you we they he she it	play?	I We You played They went He She It	I We You They did not play/ go He She It

TASK 4. Fill in the gaps in the text below and translate from English into Russian.
A.S. Popov (1859-1906) … (be) in 1895 a lecturer in physics. He … (set up) a receiver in 1895, and … (read) a paper about it at the Meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7, New Style) 1895. He … (demonstrate) the world's first radio receiver, which he … (call) “an apparatus for the detection and registration of electric oscillations”. By means of this equipment, Popov … (can) register electrical disturbances, including atmospheric ones. In March 1896 he … (give) a further demonstration before the same society. At that meeting the words “Heinrich Hertz” … (transmit) by wireless telegraphy in Morse code and similarly received before a distinguished scientific audience, Popov … (become) the inventor of the radio, May,7 being celebrated each year as "Radio Day" in Russia.
Marconi … (invent) a system of highly successful wireless telegraphy, and … (inspire) and … (supervise) its application. Such is the story of the many inventors of wireless telegraphy, working with each other's equipment, adding new ideas and new improvements to them. It … (be) a patient, persistent inquiry into natural laws and it was animated by the love of knowledge.


TASK 5. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the past. Listen to the recording and check your answers.
THOMAS EDISON
The American inventor Thomas Edison … (live) and … (work) in the United States all his life. He … (be) the most productive inventor ever. During his lifetime, he … (patent) 1093 different inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp (similar to the ordinary light bulb we know today), the motion-picture projector, and the phonograph. He also … (set up) the first industrial research laboratory. Edison … (have) a slow start in life. He … (be) expelled from school because people … (not realize) that he … (be) deaf, thinking instead that he … (be) unable to learn. His mother … (teach) him at home, where he had built his our laboratory by the time he … (be) 10 years old.


TASK 6. Read the text below and translate it.
LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS
The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics. The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube. Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression. When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors. Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.
Until the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics. For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for the emitters in vacuum tubes and so on. These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses. Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.
From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections. A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery. To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules. Each module performed a specific function and was used as a logical building block for creating the systems. The tran­sistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board. These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.
As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections. This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative. The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit. It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit. The technology that produces such high-density electronic circuits is called large-scale integration, or LSI. Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more "gates", or individual circuit functions, with a density "of 50,000 to 100,000 components per square inch. If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of, electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain. It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.


TASK 7. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. How is the technology producing high-density electronic called? 2. What caused the miniaturization problem? 3. What does the term “gate” mean? 4. What seemed to be a marvel of compactness? 5. What materials were used for different components in a circuit? 6. What were those circuits used for? 7. What was done to simplify a system design? 8. Why was it important to reduce the size of components?


TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with prepositions: of, to, in, by, with.
Without understanding the inquiries … pure science, we cannot follow the story … radio. It begins perhaps … Joseph Henry, an American physicist, who discovered … 1842 that electrical discharges were oscillating. A gigantic step forward was taken … James Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and one … the great mathematical geniuses … the 19-th century. By purely mathematical reasoning, Maxwell showed that all electrical and magnetic phenomena could be reduced … stresses and motions … a medium, which he called the ether. Today we know that this “electrical medium” does not exist … reality. Yet the concept … an ether helped greatly, and allowed Maxwell to put forward his theory that the velocity … electric waves … air should be equal to that … the velocity … light waves, both being the same kind … waves, merely differing … wave length.


TASK 9. Use suffixes and prefixes to change the form of the words in brackets.
In 1878, David Hughes; an American … (physics), made another important … (discover) in the pre-history of radio and its essential components. He found that a loose contact in a circuit containing a battery and telephone … (receive) (invented by Bell in 1876) would give rise to sounds in the receiver which corresponded to those that had impinged upon the diaphragm of the mouthpiece.
In 1883, George Fitzgerald, an Irish … (physics), suggested a method by which … (electromagnet) waves might be produced by the discharge of a condenser. Next we must turn to Heinrich Hertz, the famous German … (physics), who was the first to create, detect and measure those waves, and thereby … (experimental) confirmed Maxwell's theory of “ether” waves. In his experiments he showed that these waves were capable of … (reflect), … (refract), … (polarize), … (diffract) and … (interfere).
During the first years of its … (develop), radio … (communicate) was called “… (wire) telegraphy and telephone”. This name was too long for convenience and was later changed to “radio” which comes from the well-known Latin word “radius” — a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference. Wireless … (transmit) was named radio … (transmit), or simply “radio”.
The term “radio” now means the … (radiate) of waves by transmitting stations, their … (propagate) through space, and reception by receiving stations. The radio technique has become … (close) associated with many other branches of science and … (engineer) and it is now difficult to limit the word “radio” to any simple definition.