Учебное пособие для студентов очной формы обучения направлений подготовки

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Jurisdictional peculiarities in Some Countries 
Australia and New Zealand. 
In many countries the Torrens title system of real estate 
ownership is managed and guaranteed by the government and replaces cumbersome tracing of 
ownership. The Torrens title system operates on the principle of "title by registration" (i.e. the 
indefeasibility of a registered interest) rather than "registration of title." The system does 
away with the need for a chain of title (i.e. tracing title through a series of documents) and 
does away with the conveyancing costs of such searches. The State guarantees title and is 
usually supported by a compensation scheme for those who lose their title due to the State's 
operation. It has been in practice in all Australian states and in New Zealand since between 

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1858 and 1875, has more recently been extended to strata title, and has been adopted by many 
states, provinces and countries, and in modified form in 9 states of the USA. 
England and Wales. 
In the United Kingdom, The Crown is held to be the ultimate 
owner of all real property in the realm. This fact is material when, for example, property has 
been disclaimed by its erstwhile owner, in which case the law of escheat applies. In some 
other jurisdictions (not including the United States), real property is held absolutely. 
English law has retained the common law distinction between real property and 
personal property, whereas the civil law distinguishes between "movable" and "immovable" 
property. In English law, real property is not confined to the ownership of property and the 
buildings sited thereon – often referred to as "land." Real property also includes many legal 
relationships between individuals or owners of land that are purely conceptual. One such 
relationship is the easement, where the owner of one property has the right to pass over a 
neighboring property. Another is the various "incorporeal hereditaments," such as 
profits-à-
prendre
, where an individual may have the right to take crops from land that is part of 
another's estate. 
English law retains a number of forms of property which are largely unknown in other 
common law jurisdictions such as the advowson, chancel repair liability and lordships of 
the manor. These are all classified as real property, as they would have been protected by real 
actions in the early common law. 
USA. 
Each U.S. State except Louisiana has its own laws governing real property and 
the estates therein, grounded in the common law. In Arizona,
real property is generally 
defined as land and the things permanently attached to the land. Things that are permanently 
attached to the land, which also can be referred to as 
improvements
, include homes, garages, 
and buildings. Manufactured homes can obtain an affidavit of affixture. 
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property)