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STEEL

Ferrous alloy, which contents from 0,5 to 2,14 per cent of carbon is called steel. The approximate composition of steel is as follow (%): iron  to 99,0; carbon - 0,05… 2,14; silicon  0,15… 0,35; manganeze  0,3…0,8; phosphorus  to 0,07; sulpher  to 0,06. Carbon is in steel in the state of chemical compound  Fe₃C (cementite). The properties of steel depend on the percentage of carbon it contains. The more the carbon concentration (up to 1,5 %) the more hardness, strength and toughness, but the less plasticity, resistance to shock, ability to be machined and weldabilily. In dependence on chemical analysis steel is divided into two groups: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel should contain only iron and carbon and is divided into: machine steel (carbon content from 0,05 to 0,25 percent); medium carbon steel (carbon content from 0,25 to 0,7 per cent); tool steel (carbon content from 0,7 to 1,5 per cent). Machine steels are very soft and can be used for making machine parts that do not need strength. They are small articles of simple shape: axles, shafts, rollers, studs, nuts, bushes, pipes, etc. Medium carbon steels are better grade and stronger than machine steels. They are widely used for making a great number of machine articles and parts, such as shafts, washers, bolts, nuts, couplings, crank-shafts, piston pins, bushes, rods, wire, etc.
Tool steels are used for machining tools and working parts of machines, because of their high strength and hardness: hammers, press tools, chisels, dies, centre-punches, screwdrivers, cutting tools, mills, reamers, threading dies, screw taps, files gauges, drills, etc.
Alloy steels are those in which in addition to carbon an alloying element is present in some appreciable quantity. Alloying elements of these steels are: nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium etc. Alloying elements are added to effect on the properties of steel in definite way. Nickel increases strength and hardness of steel, chromium - rust - resistance, manganese - wear - resistance, tungsten and molybdenum - heat - resistance, vanadium - corrosion, - shock - and vibration - resistance. Alloy steel contains from 1 to 20 and even more per cent of alloying elements. Alloy steels are divided into machine special alloy steels and alloy tool steels.
Machine special alloy steels are used for making machine parts and articles requiring great wear resistance and strength: railroad equipment, agricultural machinery, bearings, springs, shafts, crank-shafts, gear-wheels, parts of motor vehicles, etc.
Alloy tool steels are widely used for metal cutting. Tools made of these steels have high heat and wear resistance. Alloy tool steels are used for making cutting tools such as: cutting tools, drills, mills, reamers, screw taps, threading dies, press tools, dies, gauges and other measuring tools and instruments, etc.