Transitive and intransitive verbs (o’timli va o’timsiz fe’llar)

2. Gapning kesimi tarkibida likely (ehtimol), unlikely (ehtimoldan uzoq), certain (shubhasiz), sure (aniq) sifatlari bo’lganda ulardan keyin infinitivli nominative ishlatiladi: They are likely to come soon. (It is likely that they will come soon). Aftidan ular tezda kelishadi. The goods are unlikely to arrive. Tovarlarning yetib kelishi amri mahol. He is sure to return soon. U albatta tezda qaytib keladi.

G E R U N D

1. Gerund fe’lning otlik va fe’llik xususiyatiga ega bo’lgan shaklidir. Gerundda infinitivga qaraganda otlik xususiyati ko’proq. Gapda Gerund quyidagi vazifalarda keladi. a) Ega vazifasida: Reading is useful. O’qish foydalidir. b) Ot-kesim tarkibida: My hobby is dancing. Mening sevimli mashg’ulotim raqsga tushish. c) fe’l kesim tarkibida: He finished reading it. U uni o’qishni tugatdi. d) vositasiz to’ldiruvchi: I remember reading it. Men uni o’qiganimni eslayman. e) I am fond of reading. Men o’qishni yaxshi ko’raman.

2. Gerund quyidagi zamon va nisbat shakllariga ega:

	Active	Passive
Simple Perfect	Reading – o’qish Having read – o’qib bo’lish	Being read – o’qitilish Having been read – o’qitilib bo’lish

I enjoy reading. Men o’qishdan rohatlanaman.

I enjoy having read. O’qib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman.

I enjoy being read. Men o’qitilishdan rohatlanaman.

I enjoy having been read. Men o’qitilib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman.

3. Gerund bilan ifodalangan ish-harakat gapning egasiga tegishli bo’lsa Active Gerund ishlatiladi: He likes inviting his friends to his house. U do’stlarini uyga taklif qilishni yaxshi ko’radi. Agar Gerund orqali ifodalangan ish-harakat kimdir tomonidan bajarilayotgan bo’lsa Passive gerund ishlatiladi: He likes being invited by his friends. U do’stlari tomonidan taklif qilinishni yoqtiradi.

4. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda va kelasi zamonda sodir bo’ladigan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun Simple Gerund ishlatiladi: I am surprised at watching this film. Men bu filmni tomosha qilib ajablanayabman. We think of going there in the summer. Biz u yerga yozda borishni o’ylayabmiz.

Gerundning predloglardan keyin kelishi

1. Predlog talab qiluvchi ko’pgina fe’l, sifat, sifatdosh va otlardan keyin Gerund ishlatiladi va gapda predlogli vositali to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi:

Preposition + Gerund

Advantages of - afzalligi

Apologise for – uzr so’ramoq

Approve of – tasdiqlamoq

Decide against – qaror qilmoq

Disapprove of – tasdiqlamaslik

Dream of – orzu qilmoq

Excited about - xayajonlangan

Fed up with – bezor bo’lmoq

Feel like – xohlamoq

Good at – da yaxshi

In spite of – ga qaramasdan

Insist on - talab qilmoq

Instead of – o’rniga

Interested in - qiziqmoq

Look forward to – intizorlik b-n kut-q

Succed in – da muvaffaqiyat qozonmoq

Think about – o’ylamoq

Think of – o’ylamoq

Without - -si

zTom left without finishing his dinner. Tom tushligini tugatmasdan jo’nab ketdi. They insisted on staying with them. Ular o’zlari bilan qolishni talab qilishdi.