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abad topoformant has been known in Iran since the III-IV centuries, and even terms with abad were common in the regions of modern Armenia. Its entry into the Central Asian region dates back to the VI-VII centuries, that is, the arrival of the Arabs in these areas is associated with the spread of the Iranian language to these areas. In particular, "in the XI century this topoformant was used productively in the creation of toponyms" [21.60]. At the same time, there are speculations that this may be related to the migration of the people of Western Iran to Central Asia [22.32].
Abad topoformant in the Karakalpak oikonyms participates in the creation of names of settlements, villages and cities. Examples: Xalqabad (Kegeyli district, city),
Elabad, Gúlabad (Konyrat district, village), Diyqanabad (Shomanai district, village), etc.
Oikonyms created with the help of -abad topoformant are found in the Central Asian republics, as well as in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan [21.60].
-kent topoformant is currently known only by the meaning of "qala (city)", "sháhár (city)" in the composition of oikonyms. This topoformant is not met in the oikonomy of Karakalpakstan. It occurs only in the oikonom Tashkent (Shomanai district, rural area).
Many scholars have suggested that the -kent topoformant which creates oikonim belongs to the group of Iranian languages, more precisely, to the Old Sogdian language. The Old Turkic Dictionary contains information that the word känd was borrowed from the Sogdian language and meant "qala (city)". At the same time, in this dictionary [5.290; 297] it is stated that the word ken is attached to the end of the names of the city and the state and means "qala (city)", "qorǵan (mound)". Also in Mahmud Kashgari's dictionary the above two versions are given. "Every city in the east is called ken. It is an abbreviated form of the word kent. Kent - is a 'city', in
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the language of the Oguz and neighboring peoples it meant village, and most Turks understand the province," he wrote [9.327; 330].
Till the Islamic era (i.e., the arrival of the Arabs) in the formation of the names of several cities, settlements and villages in Central Asia - the topoformant -kat was widely used. After the conquest of these territories by the Arabs, the –kat topoformant is almost non-existent. Instead, the Turkic -kant variant began to be used more productively in the creation of oikonyms [7.67]. The village and a number of other oikonyms contain -kat, kent variants of the Sogdian language. The kat variant was more widely used till the 10th century (than the Kent variant) [8.]. T. Rakhmatov stated that "the suffix kand in Samarkand toponymy was derived very early. This is because the Turkic känd, k’ent (käd, ket in Sogdian) originally meant "city" and then "village"". [14.47]. Kent is said to be a variant of the word "kat", which in the Sogdian language was used as a word in its own right, first meaning "qorǵan (mound)", then "qala (city)", "awıl (village)" [1.10].
Thus, the word kat ("mound", "city", "village") in the Iranian language, in the form of -kent, -kant, assimilated into the Old Turkic language and meant "city", now it is not used as an impartial word, only this meaning is saved in oikonyms. .
-stan topoformant, mainly, attached to the nouns, creates names in the sense of place, settlement: shólistan (desert), gúlstan (flowering place), etc.
The -stan (in other languages - iston) topoformant which forms oikonyms attaches to the terms of the nation in Central Asia and beyond, creating the names of the state, the country: Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, Turkmenistan, Hindstan (India), Pakistan, etc.
The formant of the toponym maker -stan is derived from the word sthanam, which means place in the Indian language, and the word sitan in modern Persian means "orın (place)", "walayat (province)". Some scholars associate this word with the Slavic word stan ("fishermen’s town"). From this word came such words as stanok (transport town, post office), stanovschie, pristan, stanitsa, zastava, prokatniy stan, stanok (machine), stan (human face). The word stan in the Russian language is
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preserved in the toponyms of Russia. For example, Tepliy stan, Krasniy stan, Glavniy stan [11.85.].
Thus, the -stan topoformant is originally characteristic of the Iranian languages, and was assimilated into the Turkic languages in ancient times. And now it is not used individually, only stays in the oikonyms.
According to many researchers, the convenience of the analysis of oikonyms by the formats they contain is that they provide accurate information about the origin of the term, ethnicity, their range, and derivative terms [19.49]. This opinion is somewhat justified. This is because a number of scientists have made great strides in studying the terms of land and water, the formants that preceded or followed them. For example, academician A.M. Schögren said that the places in North Russia were named after the Uighur-Finnish peoples before the Russians, while Professor A.K. Matveev studied the lexicon of dialects of this region (a number of toponyms) and made conclusion that therepresentatives of the Tungus-Manchurian peoples lived in these areas before the Uighur-Finnish peoples. Professor A.P. Dulzon, on the other hand, identified toponymic materials, and the places where the Ket peoples live on the basis of their formants.
In this way, it is possible to study the toponyms, including the grammatical structure of the oikonyms, to identify the formants in them, to define their function, to obtain definite information about the models of the terms, the methods of creation. In the future, it will be important to learn the function of topoformants in forming the oikonyms, their semantic peculiarities, their etymology and their areas.
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