Topic The Economics of the Enterprise – Subject and Methodology

The enterprise is the independent economic unit which is carrying out the
activity in the territory of this state and submitting to laws of these states.
Administrative and economic independence of the enterprise are caused by the legislation
and mean that the enterprise independently makes the decision, how many production to
make and as it to realize how to distribute gained income.
The main characteristic features of the enterprise are technological unity, being expressed in
a community of processes of production; organizational unity – existence uniform
managements, plan; the economic unity which is showing in a community material, financial
resources, and also economic results of work.
The civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan considers the enterprise as the uniform property
complex which is including all types of property intended for implementation of activity:
land plots, buildings, constructions, the equipment, stock, raw materials, production, the
rights of the requirement, debts, and also it is right on trade name, trademarks and service
marks and other exclusive rights. It can be the state or municipal ownership or belong to the
commercial the organization created in the form of economic society or association,
production cooperative or the non-profit organization which is carrying out according to the
law and its charter business activity (for example, the property used by garage cooperative
for repair of cars, its rights and the duties connected with this activity).
As the enterprise can act and the property complex belonging to the individual to the
businessman or members of country (farmer) economy.
1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENTERPRISE 1.3. Business Ownership and Operations
After passing the state registration of the company recognized as a legal entity.
Legal entity - an organization that has four characteristic features:
· Has separate property;
· Responsible for the obligations of his possessions. This feature provides a minimum
guarantee of rights its creditors. Legal entity responsible for the obligations of all of its
property;
· Has the right to enter into contracts for all types of activities: loan, lease, purchase and sale
· Can be a plaintiff or defendant in court.
Legal entity has its own balance sheet, current and other accounts at the bank.

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Depending on the objectives of the legal entities fall into one of two categories :commercial
and non-profit organizations (Fig. 1) .
For profit organizations are aimed at making a profit. They can be created in the form of
economic partnerships and companies, cooperatives, state and municipal unitary
enterprises.
Nonprofit organizations are not intended to make a profit and do not distribute profits
between the parties. These include a variety of social or religious associations, charities,
consumer cooperatives, and non-profit partnerships other organizations. Non-profit
organizations may also conduct business.
Profits derived by such organizations are not distributed among its members and founders,
and used for their statutory purposes.
An entity may belong to different forms of ownership.
Legislation allows existence of the following types of ownership: private ownership, state
ownership ;
An entity may belong to different forms of ownership. Legislation allows existence of the
following types of ownership: private ownership , state ownership ; ownership of public
organizations and associations ; mixed ownership ; property joint ventures.
Businesses of all types of ownership and legal form may exercise commercial activities in
various forms. On the core business of the enterprise are classified into several groups :
· Production enterprises producing industrial , agricultural, construction products;
· Companies that produce services for a fee . These include workshops, audit and legal firms,
etc. ;
· Enterprises engaged in brokering ( trade exchange activities ) and innovation( research,
development and know-how);
· Enterprises engaged in putting into use ( credit, leasing , lease, trust) property.
Tajikistan and international standards in the enterprise registration made mandatory
definition of industrial branches. In determining industry sector enterprise attributed to a
particular industry on the basis of the kind of activity that at the time of registration is
predominant.
Within any industry enterprises operate , which, depending on the dimensions can be
attributed to small , medium or large .
For industrial enterprises and services firms criterion relating them to one group or another
can be the volume of products or services. For the supply and marketing and trading
companies – turnover implementation. But in the present circumstances, the most appropriate
feature characterizing dimensions Enterprise , is the number of its personnel.