"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

26. Launched on Friday afternoon, Mars 3 like its predecessor Mars 2, weighs just under five tons and is said to be on the same trajectory around the Sun.
27. As seen through the telescope, Mars presents a rather smooth surface.
28. Having challenged the established notion of a fixed Earth, Copernicus put the Sun, instead of the Earth, at the centre of the solar system.
29. A particular flight considered to be representative of early manned missions has been selected as the basis of this study.
30. With 40,000 or more computers being used now, it is obvi­ous that it is necessary to assess their strengths and weaknesses to help make decisions about their use.
13. Gerund. Gerund Clause. Ing – forms.
I. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the form and function of the gerund.

1. The machine is also used for solving problems connected with movements of stars and planets.

2. After selecting a number of possible sites for a factory, data about those sites is fed into a computer.
3. By pushing the proper buttons on the control panel of robot secretary, these lines and photographs are automatically put together and typed out.
4. Low electric conductivity of rubber resulted in its being used in cables.
5. Measurement is generally made by inserting the transducer in the circuit or simply by measuring the difference in current flow with ammeter.
6. Its heating is realized by the passage of current through the cathode.
7. This device serves as a basis for many instruments for counting, rejecting imperfect pieces and controlling.
8. It will be better, after having made the check, to connect the ammeter in the leads from the transformer to which the wattmeter is not directly connected.

II. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of - ing -forms.

1. 
   This is only the beginning.
   
2. 
   Simple controllers, which measure and control only one variable, are giving way to complex controllers which control many variables, compute and govern the total plant performance.
   
3. 
   The reading on the scale shows the measured value.
   
4. 
   When current is passing through a resistor its temperature rises high.
   
5. 
   A capacitor stops operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble.
   
6. 
   Insulators are to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them.
   
7. 
   When using a cable primary, the permanent primary windings must be isolated and open circuited.
   
8. 
   An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring the resistance of an electrical circuit.
   
9. 
   By using resistances of various values in series with a moving – coil indicator, voltages within a number of ranges corresponding to these resistances can be measured.
   
10. 
    Different values of the current can be obtained by using lamps of different rating.
    
11. 
    The testing voltage can be varied continuously from zero to the full value of the supply voltage.
    
12. 
    The foregoing method of testing will only check ammeters at scale points corresponding to the load currents, which are flowing.
    
13. 
    This reading gives the power loss in the wattmeter voltage coil and when measuring the power this reading is subtracted from the observed reading to obtain true power.
    
14. 
    This method gives children an understanding of how the basic components of a computer work.
    
15. 
    Writing programs in this way is a valuable discipline, but it does not teach a child anything about the computer itself.
    
16. 
    Any electric arc that may be formed here at opening or closing the circuit is between the 2 replaceable contacts.
    
17. 
    When starting the very small d. c. motors, it is not desirable to apply the full voltage while the armature or rotor is stationary.
    

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Gerund:

1. Large-scale application of electronic technique is a trend of technical progress capable of revolutionizing many branches of industry. 2. Physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis. 3. When atoms or molecules are excited they emit electromagnetic waves. By counting the number of waves in a certain period, a very accurate measure of time can be defined. 4. The operating speeds of these systems will be measured in nano-seconds. 5. Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there. 6. Electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. 7. We know of Kondakov’s having made the first synthetic rubber in the world. 8. Physicists saw in semiconductors the way of solving complicated engineering problems. 9. These scientists continue working in this promising field of knowledge. 10. We know of Yoffe’s having contributed much to the research of transistors.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Gerund Clause:

1. 
   I’ve heard of their experiment being successfully completed in the nearest future. 2. We were told about their having studied a number of problems connected with the development of computing machinery. 3. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes. 4. Benjamin Franklin’s having invented the first lightning conductor is a well established fact. 5. We all know of their designing a new type of computer. 6. He mentioned his having shown these slides at the conference. 7. Your having worked at the plant helped you to master technical subjects. 8. Kurchatov’s having devoted all his life to nuclear physics is known to everybody. 9. I know of their being shown the new device. 10. We remembered his having mentioned the works of this scientist. 11. We know of the Curies’ having discovered some new radioactive elements. 12. We know of Rutherford’s having investigated the nature of alpha-particles. 13. We insisted on the experiment being repeated. 14. There was no hope of their solving this complex engineering problem so soon.
   

15. The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another.
16. Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being present.
17. Thomson investigated the possibility of these cathode rays being charged particles.
18. Einstein’s being awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known.
19. The small physical size of the crystal in relationship to its input capacitance results in the resonant frequency of the input system being higher than when the tube is employed.
20. The regular array of atoms in the lattice results in there being certain sets of parallel and equally spaced planes in the crystal which will contain large numbers of atoms.
21. To a large extent the skilled analyst’s productivity may be attributed to his having acquired through many repetitions, the necessary technique.
22. The inability of phosphorus atoms because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds among themselves results in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule.

V. Define the function of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them:

1. A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. 2. Go on making the experiment. 3. The idea of using lasers came from A. Prokhorov and N. Basov. 4. The laser beam is made by exciting the atoms of a suitable material. 5. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 6. There can be no progress in science without experimenting. 7. Solving such problems helps us greatly. 8. Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of radio-engineering. 9. The melting point of aluminium is 657ºC. 10. They succeeded in obtaining these data.

VI. Choose the sentences with the Gerund from the ones given below and translate them:

1. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 2. Penetrating into space was very important for mankind. 3. Applying the method we get better results. 4. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 5. When measuring the voltage we use a voltmeter. 6. A number of materials, including some gases and semiconductors, possess this property. 7. For many centuries men were interested in obtaining new sources of energy. 8. The engineer insisted on experimenting as the best method to solve this problem. 9. The importance of scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year.

VII. State the form and function of the verb ending in -ing. Translate the sentences:

1. Flying into cosmos has been man’s age-old dream. 2. Launching the first spaceship into outer space was one of the greatest victories of man over nature. 3. Launching artificial satellites we obtain the information about the Sun’s radiation, about other planets, etc. 4. As one knows, the idea of creating a multistage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky. 5. Having made a great number of calculations Tsiolkovsky noted that it would be the rocket which would be able to reach outer space. 6. On April 12, 1961, the whole world learned of Y. Gagarin’s having accomplished successfully the first cosmic flight. 7. We learned of the spaceship having been launched from Baikanur cosmodrome. 8. After being in flight for 108 minutes the spaceship landed on the territory of the Saratov region. 9. H. Titov having made more than 17 revolutions around the Earth, his spaceship Vostok 2 landed some 500 miles south-east of Moscow. 10. H. Titov travelled a distance about 435,000 miles revolving round the Earth for 25 hours and 18 minutes, the average speed being 17,750 miles per hour. 11. One of the tasks of these space flights and those that followed them was proving that the condition of weightlessness did not prevent man from working, thinking, eating and sleeping. The cosmonauts successfully fulfilled their programmes, a great many observations being made during these flights.

VIII. Translate the following sentences. Note the words which help you to define whether the word with the suffix -ing is a Verbal Noun, a Gerund or a Participle:

1. Our aim is solving this complex problem. 2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this metal. 3. In testing the devices they found some serious faults. 4. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry attracts world-wide attention. 5. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the metric system in Russia. 6. After graduating from Petersburg University A. S. Popov remained there as a post-graduate at the Physics Department. 7. After Hertz had published his experiments proving the existence of electromagnetic waves, A. S. Popov thought of a possibility of using Hertz waves for transmitting signals over a distance. 8. On March 24, 1896 he demonstrated the transmission and reception of a radiogram consisting of two words: Heinrich Hertz. 9. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of spectral analysis. 10. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are studying the atmosphere.

IX. Translate these sentences. Pay attention to the use of the verbals:

1. The unusual state of matter at very low temperatures was called superconductivity and the substances capable of passing to this state at such temperatures – superconductors. 2. Calculations show that exceptionally small-size generators and transformers can be developed having an efficiency of 99.99 per cent. 3. You have evidently been studying hard as your last translation shows great improvement. 4. A few substances containing metallic elements have much less electrical conductivity. 5. There exist two different ways of carrying on such research work. 6. This appliance appears to be of great advantage where small volume of work is being carried out. 7. The main advantage of using gas as a fuel is that it burns with a smokeless flame and burns up with hardly any waste. 8. When building atomic cars it will be necessary to build reactors of small dimensions. 9. The special place occupied by semiconductors in modern physics and engineering and the diversity of possibilities of application is due to the peculiarities of their properties which are not found in any other material. 10. Semiconductors 1) convert alternating current into direct current; 2) amplify high frequency oscillations and generate radio waves, in this way replacing vacuum devices; 3) control current intensity and voltage; 4) protect high voltage transmission lines from overvoltage; 5) solve different problems of automation and remote control; 6) measure room temperature and intensity of illumination; 7) convert heat energy into electric energy without machines; 8) use electric current to produce cold or heat; 9) concentrate electric and magnetic energy; 10) convert sound energy into electric energy and vice versa; 11) transform ultraviolet rays into visible light and the light of one color into that of another; 12) convert the energy of the sun’s rays and of radioactive radiators into electric energy; 13) serve as sources of powerful beams of electrons in radio vacuum electron devices; 14) amplify weak beams of electrons millions of times; 15) serve as counters of nuclear particles. 11. The installation for making sea water suitable for drinking requires no special maintenance and can be used on any vessel. 12. It is the action of the grid in an electronic tube that enables it to act as an amplifier of small voltages and currents. 13. The main purpose of radio frequency amplifier is to increase signal strength at radio frequency as much as possible and provide maximum selectivity. 14. The atmospheric humidity is the most important factor influencing electro-technical equipment and in particular telecommunication equipment.

14.Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences. Modals + Perfect Infinitives.

1.