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Chapter 5
1 There are many dozens of assessment and rating tools. For example: NABERS (Australia), Green
Star (Australia), BASIX Building Sustainability Index (NSW, Australia), ABGR Australian Building
Greenhouse Rating (Australia), NatHERS/Accurate (Australia), EcoSpecifier (Australia), GBTool
(international), BREEAM (UK), LEED (US), ATHENA (Canada), BEES (US).
2 Esty, D. C. and A. S. Wilston (2006)
Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental
Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage
, Yale University Press, New
Haven, CT, and London.
3 First presented in a talk to Brisbane City Council, 14 October 2004. A similar message was
delivered at the Planning Institute Australia Conference, Yeppoon, Queensland, on 14 July
2005.
4 For an overview of some rating tools, see www.knoxadv.com.au/docs/sustainability_tools_
pathway.pdf.
5 See, for example, Kohler, N. and T. Lutzkendorf (2002) ‘Integrated life-cycle analysis’,
Building
Research and Information
, vol 30, no 5, pp338–348. Measuring sustainability values does not
measure potential ecological improvements.
6 An attempt to rationalize these instruments is found in Warnock, A. C. (2007) ‘An overview
of integrating instruments to achieve sustainable construction and buildings’,
Management of
Environmental Quality
, vol 18, no. 4, pp427–441. See also Hassan, O. A. B. (2006) ‘An integrated
management approach to designing sustainable buildings’,
Journal of Environmental Assessment
Policy and Management
, vol 8, no 2, pp223–251.
7 How to begin moving from ‘green’ to ‘sustainable’ is discussed in Luetzkendorf, T. and D. Lorenz
(2006) ‘Using an integrated performance approach in building assessment tools’,
Building Research
366
Positive Development
and Information
, vol 34, no 4, pp334–356.
8 Personal communication (2006) with Peter Hickson, an earth builder with decades of experience
who has had a leadership role in earth building organizations.
9 Even a NSW state government tool that is mandatory (BASIX) is ‘black boxed’ so users cannot
be sure what assumptions lie behind it.
10 O’Brien, M. (2000)
Making Better Environmental Decisions: An Alternative to Risk Assessment
,
MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
11 Post-occupancy evaluations can assess either the mechanical equipment or the occupants’
subjective experience of the indoor environment. The latter is context-dependent and varies
with time; see Nicol, F. and S. Roaf (2005) ‘Post-occupancy evaluation and field studies of thermal
comfort’,
Building Research and Information
, vol 33, no 4, pp338–346.
12 The ability of building assessment tools to deal with sustainability issues is discussed in Cole, R.
(2005) ‘Building
environmental assessment methods: Redefining intentions and roles’,
Building
Research and Information
, vol 33, no 5, pp455–467.
13 Currently, in Australia, efforts are being made to find ways to award green star points for living
walls.
14 According to the lead designer of the CH2 building in Melbourne, even a costly two week charrette
paid dividends because the parties understood the project aims.
15 Studies show that occupants evaluate different qualities of a building (eg thermal comfort and
lighting) on different scales, so it may be advisable to rely on a combined index; see Humphreys,
M. (2005) ‘Quantifying occupant comfort: Are combined indices of the indoor environment
practicable?’,
Building Research and Information
, vol 33, no 4, pp317–325.
16 RAIA seminar on AccuRate in Canberra.
17 For a discussion on integrating LCA concepts into one methodology, see Erlandsson, M. and M.
Borg (2003) ‘Generic LCA-methodology applicable for buildings, constructions and operation
services’,
Building and Environment
, vol 38, no 7, pp919–938.
18 See Diesendorf, M. (2007)
Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
, University of New South
Wales Press, Sydney, Australia, p290.
19 See www.alp.org.au/download/now/national_clean_coal_initiative_factsheet_campaign_launch.
pdf.
20 Japan’s Shigeru Ban and Germany’s Otto Friei have worked in production of large space wooden
roofs; see Japan Pavilion, EXPO 2000, Hanover, Germany, www.designboom.com/history/ban_
expo.html.
21 Roaf, S., M. Fuentes and S. Thomas (2003)
Ecohouse 2: A Design Guide
, Architectural Press,
Burlington, MA.
22 Birkeland, J. (1996) ‘Improving the design review process’, in
CIB Commission Conference
, Royal
Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, 16 February, pp150–155.
23 For example, Greenstar barely mentions embodied energy. A participant in the development
of Greenstar informed me that they had considered embodied energy but decided it was too
hard.
24 For whole system costs of fossil fuels, see Scheer, H. (2004)
The Solar Economy
, Earthscan,
London.
25 As advocated by the US-based Institute for Local Self-reliance, www.ilsr.org/.
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Notes
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