Notes
Introduction
1
Weizsacker, E. van, A. Lovins and H. Lovins (1977)
Factor 4: Doubling Wealth – Halving Resource
Use
, Earthscan, London; Hawken, P., A. Lovins and H. Lovins (1999)
Natural Capitalism: Creating
the Next Industrial Revolution
, Earthscan, London; Hargroves, C. and M. H. Smith (2005)
The
Natural Advantage of Nations
, Earthscan, London.
2 For a different mapping of sustainable development, see Hopwood, B., M. Mellor and G. O’Brien
(2005) ‘Sustainable development: Mapping different approaches’,
Sustainable Development
, vol
13, pp38–52.
3 For a good overview, see Beder, S. (2006)
Environmental Principles and Policies: An
Interdisciplinary Introduction
, Earthscan, London.
4 IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1991)
Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living
, IUCN (The
World Conservation Union)/UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)/WWF (World
Wide Fund for Nature), Earthscan, London.
5 World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
Our Common Future
, report of
the Brundtland Commission, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6 UNEP (2005) ‘Millennium ecosystem assessment: Strengthening capacity to manage ecosystems
sustainably for human wellbeing’, download from http://ma.caudillweb.com/en/about.overview.
aspx.
7 World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
Our Common Future
, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, p45.
8 See, for example, Markandya, A. and S. Pedroso-Galinato (2007) ‘How substitutable is natural
capital?’,
Environmental and Resource Economics
, vol 37, no 1, pp297–312.
9 Richard, S. (1993)
Is Brundtland’s Model of Sustainability a Case of Having Our Cake and Eating
it Too?
, Proceedings of the Ecopolitics VII Conference, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia,
pp133–137.
352
Positive Development
10 This is the definition I have used for decades as it seems self-evident; however, see Norton, B. G.
(2005)
Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management
, University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, IL, for an in-depth discussion on this concept.
11
See Wall, D. (1994)
Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy and Politics
,
Routledge, London.
12 Corporatism is used here in a very general way to describe where governments negotiate policies
and their implementation with peak business and industry organizations that represent vested
interest groups; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism.
13 Ninety-five per cent of our calories come from only 30 varieties of plants; the FAO estimates that
75 per cent of agricultural genetic diversity has been lost in the past century.
14 It is strange that, in a world where political censorship is a fact of life, pornography and violence
pervade all forms of entertainment and expression – on the grounds that restrictions would lead
to political censorship.
15 See www.who.int/ceh/en/; for statistics on these environmental issues, see Worldwatch Institute,
www.worldwatch.org/, and World Resources Institute (2007) ‘EarthTrends: Environmental
information, available at http://earthtrends.wri.org.
16
Fennerty, H. (2006) ‘Standards, technology and sustainability’,
Environmentalist
, vol 26, no 2,
pp93–98.
17 For lots of examples and data, see Myers, N. and J. Kent (2001)
Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars
Can Undercut the Environment and the Economy
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
18 For further information, see www.who.int/topics/water/en/.
19 de Moor, A. P. G. ‘Perverse incentives: Subsidies and sustainable development’, Institute for
Research on Public Expenditure, The Netherlands, www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/ecoindex.
html (commissioned by the Earth Council).
20 Kimbrell, A. (ed) (2002)
Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture
, Island Press,
Washington, DC.
21 See Emergency Management Australia disaster database, www.ema.gov.au/.
22 Birkeland, J. (1995) ‘Cultures of institutional corruption’, in J. Bessant, K. Carrington and S.
Cook (eds)
Cultures of Crime and Violence: The Australian Experience
, LaTrobe University Press,
Melbourne, Australia, pp199–212.
23 There is a tendency to think of vibrant downtown shopping districts rather than the many square
miles of desolate, dirty and dreary urban areas surrounding them; see Kaika, M. (2005)
City of
Flows: Modernity, Nature and the City
, Routledge, New York, for a discussion of how cities are
perceived differently over time.
24 For an example of the perspective that suggests cities cannot be ecologically sustainable and
therefore should be given dispensation, see Bithas, K. and M. Christofakis (2006) ‘Environ-
mentally sustainable cities: Critical review and operational conditions’,
Sustainable Development
,
vol 14, pp177–189.
25
As argued by Philip Sutton, see www.green-innovations.asn.au/greenleap.htm.
26 Daly, H. E. and J. B. Cobb, Jr (1989)
For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward
Community, the Environment and a Sustainable Future
, Beacon Press, Boston, MA; Hamilton, C.
(1994)
The Mystic Economist
, Willow Park Press, Canberra, Australia.
27 Peter Costello, speech to the Press Club in Canberra, 2 April 2007.
28 The metabolism of cities is increasing per capita with respect to wastewater, energy materials and
water; see Kennedy, C., J. Cuddihy and J. Engel-Yan (2007) ‘The changing metabolism of cities’,
Journal of Industrial Ecology
, vol 11, no 2, pp43–59.
29 Girardet, H. (1996)
The Gaia Atlas of Cities: New directions for Sustainable Urban Living
(second
353
Notes
edition), Gaia Books, London.
30 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Legislative environmental controls’, in
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp210–214.
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