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Value of raw materials relative to ecosystem services



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Value of raw materials relative to ecosystem services
Even ‘permanently’ reserved areas 
can be renegotiated when there is 
a (temporary) economic crisis. In 
the given political economy, resource 
crises occur periodically in a boom and 
bust cycle, creating a vicious circle of 
resource exploitation.
Value of the integrity of the
wilderness area in economic
terms 
Economic value of 
resources in the 
wilderness area


332
Positive Development
Box 44 Measuring Living Wall Performance 
Yael Stav
Living walls are considered a green technology that, like green roofs, provide a multitude of 
environmental benefits, from energy savings to water and air quality improvement through to 
wildlife habitat restoration. However, a comprehensive analysis of living walls presents a range 
of problems. The first set of problems derives from the complexity of the interactions between 
living walls and their environment: site-specific variables, including building orientation and 
layout, and thermal capacity, greatly affect measurements of thermal performance. Roof-to-wall 
and window-to-wall ratios influence living wall performance in terms of stormwater retention 
and filtration, air quality improvement, food production and wildlife habitat restoration as well 
as thermal performance. Temperature, humidity, wind, pollution, elevation, radiation and climate 
all influence the species of plants that can thrive in a specific living wall project.
These in turn influence all the other variables. For example, different roof-to-wall ratios may 
explain the substantial range of results for energy savings reported by different experimental 
studies: results range from 0.6 per cent to 75 per cent.
1
Tropical climates are expected to 
allow a greater improvement in the performance of living walls than cooler climates because 
vegetation is considered much better at cooling than at reducing heat loss. Also, living walls 
can mitigate the enormous runoff peak load caused by subtropical rainfall. Unfortunately, the 
only quantitative measurements of the thermal and hydrological benefits of living walls have 
been performed in temperate climates, specifically Germany and Canada.
2
Other examples of variability relate to design decisions. For example, the decision between 
the use of tap water irrigation, greywater integration, or rainwater retention and filtration can 
make a difference between a system that requires ongoing resource inputs and a system that 
is self-maintaining while providing water quality improvement and other hydrological benefits. 
Design choices that attract indigenous species of flora and fauna can make the difference 
between a living wall that merely enlarges biomass and a living wall that actually enhances the 
ecology and provides a platform for local wildlife propagation. The complexity of the interac
-
tions between living walls and their environment, and indeed the complexity of the living walls 
themselves as a system, makes it impossible for us to calculate or simulate the behaviour of 
these systems. Therefore, we must rely on experimentation. 
The second class of problems stems from the fact that very few living wall projects exist and 
those that do are young. For example, when trying to estimate the extent to which a living 
wall may protect building exterior surfaces, we find no living wall projects that are both old 
enough and appropriately documented. Thus we can only assume that the prolonged life of 
the green roof membrane applies to walls. Green roofs extend the life of a roof by two to 
four times.
3
Nevertheless, even these estimations are hypothetical as the oldest modern green 
roofs are 35 years old.
The last class of problems is related to benefits of living walls that can be quantified only par
-
tially or cannot be quantified at all. Added psychological value can be measured monetarily, as 
has been demonstrated by a green roof study [Box 14]. However, this is a narrow aspect of 
the effect of vegetation on people. A more holistic approach would probably attribute a higher 
social value to urban vegetation. Benefits such as additional wildlife habitat and living walls’ 
potential as food production platforms are not quantified at all at this time.
In short, in order to get an idea of the effect of the different design parameters and environ
-
ments on the performance of living walls, many more projects must be taken on and scientifi
-
cally measured. Moreover, the definition of living wall performance should expand to include 
those values which are at this time unquantified. Perhaps we will see performance that has 
thus far been defined as a reduction of negative impacts (energy savings, absorption of pollu
-
tion, minimizing health problems, etc) changed to the use of a positive and holistic approach, 
measuring the overall contribution of living walls to the environment.
4


333
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