332
Positive
Development
Box 44 Measuring Living Wall Performance
Yael Stav
Living walls are considered a green technology that, like green roofs, provide a multitude of
environmental benefits, from energy savings to water and air quality improvement through to
wildlife habitat restoration. However, a comprehensive analysis of living walls presents a range
of problems. The first set of problems derives from the complexity of the interactions between
living walls and their environment: site-specific variables, including building orientation and
layout, and thermal capacity, greatly affect measurements of thermal performance. Roof-to-wall
and window-to-wall ratios influence living wall performance in terms of stormwater retention
and filtration, air quality improvement, food production and wildlife habitat restoration as well
as thermal performance.
Temperature, humidity, wind, pollution, elevation, radiation and climate
all influence the species of plants that can thrive in a specific living wall project.
These in turn influence all the other variables. For example, different roof-to-wall ratios may
explain the substantial range of results for energy savings reported by different experimental
studies: results range from 0.6 per cent to 75 per cent.
1
Tropical climates are expected to
allow a greater improvement in the performance of living walls than cooler climates because
vegetation is considered much better at cooling than at reducing heat loss. Also, living walls
can mitigate the enormous runoff peak load caused by subtropical rainfall. Unfortunately, the
only quantitative measurements of the thermal and hydrological benefits of living walls have
been performed
in temperate climates, specifically Germany and Canada.
2
Other examples of variability relate to design decisions. For example, the decision between
the use of tap water irrigation, greywater integration, or rainwater retention and filtration can
make a difference between a system that requires ongoing resource inputs and a system that
is self-maintaining while providing water quality improvement and other hydrological benefits.
Design choices that attract indigenous species of flora and fauna can make the difference
between a living wall that merely enlarges biomass and a living wall that actually enhances the
ecology and provides a platform for local wildlife propagation. The complexity of the interac
-
tions between living walls and their environment, and indeed the complexity of the living walls
themselves as a system, makes it impossible for us to calculate or simulate the behaviour of
these systems. Therefore, we must rely on experimentation.
The second class of problems stems from the fact that very few living wall projects exist and
those that do are young. For example, when trying to estimate the extent to which a living
wall may protect building exterior surfaces, we find no living wall projects that are both old
enough and appropriately documented. Thus we can only assume that the prolonged life of
the green roof membrane applies to walls. Green roofs extend the life of a roof by two to
four times.
3
Nevertheless, even these estimations are hypothetical as the oldest modern green
roofs are 35 years old.
The last class of problems is related to benefits of living walls that can be quantified only par
-
tially or cannot be quantified at all. Added psychological value can be measured monetarily, as
has been demonstrated by a green roof study [Box 14]. However, this is a narrow aspect of
the effect of vegetation on people. A more holistic approach would probably attribute a higher
social value to urban vegetation. Benefits such as additional wildlife habitat and living walls’
potential as food production platforms are not quantified at all at this time.
In short, in order to get an idea of the effect of the different design parameters and environ
-
ments on the performance of living walls, many more projects must be taken on and scientifi
-
cally measured. Moreover, the definition of living wall performance should expand to include
those values which are at this time unquantified. Perhaps we will see performance that has
thus far been defined as a reduction of negative impacts (energy savings, absorption of pollu
-
tion, minimizing health problems, etc) changed to the use of a positive and holistic approach,
measuring the overall contribution of living walls to the environment.
4