‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Water quality improvement
: Through evapotranspiration, eco-roofs filter and cool 
down the water that slowly runs off. Nitrogen, phosphorus and toxins can enter a vegetated 
stream as dissolved substances. Heavy metals and nutrients found in stormwater are bound 
in the engineered soil instead of being discharged into the groundwater or streams or rivers.
Over 95 per cent of cadmium, copper and lead and 16 per cent of zinc can be taken out of 
rainwater, and nitrogen levels can also substantially fall.
2
Coastal cities have issues pertaining to 
the warming of their rivers and bays from the result of heated stormwater, as the temperature 
change can greatly affect the health of cold water fish populations such as salmon. 
Heat mitigation
: At ground level, vegetative canopy biomass greatly lowers air tempera
-
tures, whereas the artificial, altered surfaces found on developed landscapes and rooftops 
greatly raise them. Average city rooftops can easily reach 65–79ºC in the summer. Tightly 
sealed surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete in parking lots and on rooftops, soak up the heat 
during the day and reradiate it back into the Earth’s atmosphere as thermal infrared radiation 
after sunset. The temperature in downtown areas is often 5–6ºC warmer than the surrounding 
outlying areas. The added heat contributes to air quality problems and increases the amount 
of ozone that is produced. Used on a large scale, eco-roof infrastructure reduces the urban 
heat island effect by lowering ambient air temperatures through the evapotranspiration of the 
plants and engineered soil. A 2002 Toronto study by Environment Canada estimated that urban 
temperatures could dip 1–2ºC if just 6 per cent of the city’s roofs were ‘greened’.
3
Storm mitigation
: Impervious surfaces not only contribute to the urban heat island effect 
with significant impact on our health, environment and the cost of utilities, they also amplify 
storms. Tied to the heat released at night from buildings and roads, heat islands can also affect 
the local weather by creating damaging convective thunderstorms. These storms create a lot 
of water runoff, water that does not percolating back into the aquifer.

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