Wouldn’t reversing past resource flows mean withdrawing existing privileges?
We have talked about how positive actions towards sustainability need not be at any group’s or
individual’s expense. Imbalances and inequities could be addressed by employing different decision
rules. Currently, probably the most basic decision rule is the Pareto Optimum, which is implicit
in most decision tools. It is a fundamental principle of economics which says a decision is good if
it makes individuals better off without harming others. In a finite world, however, this can lead to
zero sum outcomes over time. It rationalizes individuals’ acquiring wealth, which in turn leads to
the production of status symbols to satisfy the competitive, conspicuous consumption of the few (ie
designed waste). It does not, in practice, recognize that the ‘demand’ for products and structures
with excessive embodied energy for the few means a reduction in ‘supply’ of basic needs for the
world’s poor. Impacts on the other side of the world seem to be remote and distant consequences.
In a shrinking world, however, the Pareto Optimum has outlived its shelf-life. Sustainability requires
affirmative actions that make everyone better off without harming individuals. We have called this
decision rule the Green Optimum.
17
Instead of making an organization or individual better off relative
to others, the Green Optimum acknowledges that we can make everyone better off by direct actions
and positive policies that increase the ecological base and public estate. The Green Optimum provides
a way of illuminating the ‘opportunity cost’ of conventional decision-making and design.
What difference would it make to shift from a Pareto to a Green Optimum?
Our current approach is to sit back and wait for private interests to propose developments, or
encourage private investment through public infrastructure provision. We could instead
proactively
identify and implement actions that make the whole community better off. There are many readily-
available decentralized technologies that increase energy independence and resource security while
saving society as a whole resources, health costs and so on [Box 3]. The public planning sector could
therefore at least identify ‘good’ investments for the market: direct actions that benefit everyone and
have a good return for investors [Chapter 2]. In the short term, proactive planning and policymaking
is required to determine opportunities for net Positive Development which the private sector can
undertake. To encourage this, reports could do more to give professional bodies, government agencies
and/or individuals credit for positive direct action or programmes that reverse inequities and generate
savings. Currently, however, the public sector does not really have incentives, ‘tradable’ credits or
rewards for correcting environmental damage. Some argue that the profit motive is the only viable
incentive. But if competition is a virtue, why is it not being enlisted in the cause of the public good,
or being applied to the public sector?
156
Positive Development
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |