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Doesn’t reporting indicate where financial resources should be invested?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Doesn’t reporting indicate where financial resources should be invested?
Reporting that is based on general indicators requires a lot of investment in tracking trends that 
could instead be invested in eco-solutions. Even when ‘sustainability offices’ or environmental 
departments invest in reports, or even ecological footprint analyses, it does not mean their findings 
will be translated into policies that are specifically aimed at positive action. Most planning and 
sustainability agencies are still preoccupied with increasing development with less negative impacts.
Identifying opportunities for Positive Development could be seen as exposing these departments or 
agencies to political risk. To target positive action, public investment would need to be informed 
by an assessment of both the costs of current inefficiencies and waste in urban development and the 
cumulative costs of inaction. Reporting should guide the elimination of existing problems, not just
monitor what is essentially market activity and its impacts. We are not responsible for nature’s ability 
to cope, but we are responsible for interfering in its ability to do so. Tracking trends that are subject 
to exogenous forces does not encourage policy innovation or accountability as, again, trends are 
usually only remotely related to (politically inspired) actions and policies. Managers could instead be 
acknowledged for fixing specific problems already existing in urban development. ‘Costs of inaction’ 
(CI) analysis would give a better baseline for measuring management performance than ‘how much 
worse things may be in a year from now’. It would also make decision-makers more accountable, 
both individually and collectively.


151
Sustainability Reporting
Does SoE reporting link human actions and policies to sustainability?
In theory, yes. The pressure–state–response (PSR) model that underpins state of environment 
reporting in Australia, and some other OECD countries, purports to link indicators back to human 
behaviour or performance [Box 35]. The PSR model provides a means for monitoring actions and 
changes that occur in 
response
to human actions. The idea is that human activities put ‘pressure’ on 
the environment that alters its state. The changed state then calls for new responses that, in turn, 
put a new pressure on the environment, and so on. This iterative analysis aims to draw attention to 
‘causes’ as well as ‘impacts’. It also increases public awareness of the complexities involved in social 
and environmental interactions over time. Because it is difficult to monitor environmental impacts, 
however, SoE reports tend to be more managerialist than heuristic. They document past decisions and 
predict further problems by projecting past impacts into the future. SoE reports seldom concentrate 
on positive actions undertaken by all departments to fix the cumulative costs of externalities or make 
tangible progress towards sustainability. This would go beyond establishing new sustainability offices. 
(A parallel form of managerialism can be found in academia, where performance is increasingly 
measured by the amount of measurements that academics undertake on behalf of management.)
Direct positive actions would be relatively easy to measure because they can be linked to their direct 
outcomes – such as resource savings. But in practice, reporting seldom makes a connection between 
impacts and policy development or decision-making.
11
Not only are the links between indicators and 
real world cause and effects weak, they are seldom directly referred to while making decisions.

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