Why are many green buildings under-designed for passive solar gains?
There are several reasons for this. First, the dominant view is still that only energy conservation
features that have a short payback period are justifiable. Fossil fuel-based systems are not required
to meet this payback criterion, of course, because ‘standard’ equipment is viewed as the norm. That
is, first, the cost of fossil fuel systems is not seen as ‘extra’. However, mechanical equipment requires
regular maintenance and often needs replacement during the life of the building. Second, solar
technologies have always had to compete with fossil fuels on a sloped playing field, because fossil
fuels are under-priced, due to subsidies and perverse incentives.
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Moreover, their externalities like
global warming and militarism are not weighed in. The ecological waste that fossil fuels entail is
usually ignored altogether [Chapter 4]. Third, engineers are generally trained to optimize things, and
not use anything ‘extra’ – yet some benefits outweigh their costs and have a return on investment.
Fourth, there is a tendency in analyses to reduce nature to a ‘dead’ resource. Thus, for example, the
‘30 the Bond’ building in Sydney is an exemplar of energy efficiency. It encased a landmark natural
rock in glass for thermal mass. However, while exploiting this natural attribute of the site, it removed
the feature from the public estate – much like turning a moose into a moose head trophy. We
probably cannot over-employ ‘free’ solar design and natural features – as long as the ecological waste is
minimized. Sunspaces, atriums, planting walls, Green Scaffolding, Green Space Walls, the Solar Core
and reverse Trombe walls can all use materials and structures with relatively little embodied waste.
Still, wouldn’t it be wasteful to over-utilize passive solar systems?
Minimalist passive solar design generally only averages out daily (diurnal) temperature swings. This
means that conventional passive solar homes will be too hot during heatwaves and too cold during
‘coldwaves’. Therefore, ‘light green’ buildings will require backup mechanical heating and cooling
systems. In fact, many sets of green criteria and indicators in moderate climates assume the need for
non-renewable energy systems. But this extra mechanical equipment could be avoided altogether
in many cases if passive solar design were not seen as ‘extra’. For example, there are many homes in
extreme climates that are comfortable year round without mechanical heating or cooling. If well
designed, insulation, glass or rock thermal mass adds little to overall cost and impacts. Likewise, shade
cloths can be designed to create a cooling effect by generating air movement as well as shading. This
is especially the case where a source of cool air can be created, like a shaded garden pool. Water (from
rainwater tanks) can drip over planted wire screens for evaporative cooling and even fire mitigation.
In areas like Australia, where many homes do not have central heating, passive solar retrofitting would
be easier to implement than in countries where there is already a huge investment in centralized
heating systems. Nonetheless, this opportunity for energy and greenhouse gas reduction is being
lost by new Australian homes. They are being designed to require air-conditioning, which makes
them vulnerable to energy ‘brown outs’ and ongoing maintenance costs. Not only that, passive solar
concepts are also applied in an overly standardized way.
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