What is substitution and how does this relate to sustainability?
Substitution means that we can trade off natural capital for social capital. For example, developers
may promise a cultural centre and jobs for Aborigines in order to gain approval for a mining
development on traditional lands. This may represent an improvement over past practices, but
does not replace losses in eco-services, ecology and culture. Today, there are many new eco-service
trading schemes that purport to compensate nature as well as investors [Chapter 11]. But this is
nothing new: bargaining, payoffs and tradeoffs to ‘balance competing interests’ in conservation and
development have always been part of the planning and development process. To achieve a true
‘balance’, by contrast, cities would need to perform the services of (for instance) the world’s lost forest
cover, as well as replace the forests that they use [Chapter 4]. A truly sustainable built environment
would therefore require a fundamentally different intellectual ‘DNA’ for environmental management
and design. To move forward, then, it is important to distinguish eco-logical design from what is
currently called ‘green building’ [Box 27]. We are using the term ‘Positive Development’ to refer to
design that reverses the impacts of current systems of development, increases the ecological base and
public estate, and improves life quality. This is to be distinguished from green building, which largely
aims to reduce negative environmental, economic and social impacts. Positive Development requires
capacity building in design. We cannot wait for markets to stimulate better design indirectly.
Can’t consumer choice and market signals bring change toward sustainability?
No. Market signals mean little when sustainable living options – let alone ‘green’ buildings – are not
even on the market. But there is a bright side. Because the design, construction and management
of the built environment is
central
to most sustainability issues, it is also a source of eco-solutions.
Construction amounts to about half of national capital investment in many countries. It uses roughly
half of our resource consumption by weight (over seven tons of materials per person per year).
20
It also consumes about half of our energy.
21
More important, as we noted, building impacts are
inseparable from the impacts generally attributed to extraction and manufacturing industries, such
as forestry, transport and mining. This means the built environment is arguably not only the biggest
driver of consumption, but the largest discretionary area where environmental improvements can be
made without life quality sacrifices – apart from the military. It is important to remind ourselves that
there is no shortage of money. What the world spends on military activity in three days would solve
most of the world’s ‘environmental problems’.
22
Spending money on peacemaking (eg building local
schools) would be more cost-effective. Moreover, re-designing the built environment would create
jobs at far less cost per job than the military – but with
positive
spill-over effects on the economy.
Eco-retrofitting, and even just ‘greening’, urban areas to achieve net positive improvements over
pre-construction conditions would cost no more than perpetuating ongoing damage. This is
especially true since we already provide, maintain and refurbish places almost continuously
[Chapter 2].
9
Design for Eco-services
Any building can be retrofitted to reduce its heating, cooling, lighting and ventilating bill, while cleaning air and
water, reducing the urban heat island effect, and producing soil and food.
Figure 1 Eco-retrofitting example
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