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Think Again The Power of Knowing What You Don\'t Know

see also 
disagreeable people
Albert, Robert, 
80
–81
Allen, Grant, 
185
Amazon, 
218

219
amygdala, and attacks on core beliefs, 
60
animosity, stereotypes and, 
127
Anton, Gabriel, 
33
–34
Anton’s syndrome, 
33
–35
Apple, iPhone introduced by, 
29
–31
approval, desire for, politician mindset and, 
18
–19, 
21

22

22
, 
28

80

233
Arbery, Ahmaud, 
10
arguments:
hierarchy of, 
114

114
prosecutor mindset and, 
18

19

26

233
see also 
debates
Aristotle, 
247
–48
armchair quarterback syndrome, 
37
as barrier to rethinking, 
42
impostor syndrome vs., 
51
Arnold, Karen, 
195


arrogance, 
54
humility vs., 
45
Ashby, Jeff, 
129
Asimov, Isaac, 
59
assumptions, 
8
, 
9
–12
active questioning of, 
25
learning to rethink, 
18
astrological signs, stereotyping and, 
137
–39
astronauts, overview effect and, 
128
–29
attachment, to erroneous ideas, 
62
Austin (first grader), 
201
–2
autism, vaccination mistakenly linked to, 
144

158
–59
awestruck effect, 
192
Barsade, Sigal, 
89
Battier, Shane, 
131
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 
114
–15
beliefs and opinions, 
26
attachment to, 
62
attacks on, as threats to sense of self, 
59
–60, 
63
–64, 
127
biases and, see 
biases
blind spots in, 
75
calcification of, 
4

10

17
challenges to, as opportunities for rethinking, 
74

75
–76
convincing others to rethink, 
97
–160
core values vs., 
64

66
n, 
251
counterfactual thinking and, 
137
–39
debates about, see 
debates
detaching sense of self from, 
12

62
–64, 
69
–70, 
74

76

251
–52
erroneous, see 
erroneous thinking
evidence vs., 
24
–25, 
48

73
evolution of, 
26

58
freedom of choice in, 
60

148

255
Murray’s experiment on, 
55
–58, 
60

74
–75
need for rethinking of, 
12

17

18

24

55
–76, 
243
overconfidence and, 
44
politician mindset in, see 
politician mindset
preacher mindset in, see 
preacher mindset
prosecutor mindset in, see 
prosecutor mindset
as reinforced by failed arguments against, 
144
–45
scientist mindset in, see 
scientist mindset
second opinions and, 
18

52
staying true to, 
16
weakly held, 
59

116
–17
Benchley, Robert, 
165
Berger, Ron, 
198
–203, 
246
best practices, process accountability vs., 
216
–19, 
256
Beugoms, Jean-Pierre, 
65
–66
election forecasting by, 
66
–67, 
69
–71, 
70
, 
71
, 
72
–73
and joy of being wrong, 
70

71
–72


scientist mindset of, 
66
–67
Bezos, Jeff, 
72

219
Bhutan, Gross National Happiness index of, 
237
biases:
binary, 
165
–66, 
169

181
confirmation, 
25

174
n, 
252
denial of, 
25
desirability, 
25

168

173

174
n
status quo, 
194
n
Bigombe, Betty, in Uganda peace talks, 
155
–57, 
159
binary bias, 
165
–66, 
169

181
Bird, Brad, 
83

87
–88, 
89
BlackBerry, 
16

23

29

31
Black Lives Matter movement, 
10
Blakely, Sara, 
47
blindness, patients’ denial of, 
33
–35
blind spots, mental, 
60
as barrier to rethinking, 
35
confidence and, 
41

45
recognition of, 
54
self-awareness and, 
48
blirtatiousness, 
226
–27
Boodman, Eric, 
148
Boston Red Sox, Yankees’ rivalry with, 
122
–24, 
126
–27, 
128

133
–36
brain, reward centers in, 
123
Brautigan, Richard, 
245
n
Breuhaus, Rachel, 
111
Brexit, 
66

69
business, motivational interviewing in, 
151
–53
career choices, 
225
–43
as actions vs. identities, 
230
author and, 
225
–26
escalation of commitment in, 
229
–30
of Ryan Grant, 
226
–28, 
230

241
identity foreclosure and, 
230

242
overthinking and, 
235
n
periodic checkups on, 
233
–35
rethinking, 
228

230

242
–43
scientist mindset and, 
235
“what do you want to be” question and, 
225
–26, 
230

231
, 
232
see also 
life plans
Cassidy, Chris, 
205
–7
caveats, 
173
–74, 
176

255
Cavett, Dick, 
143
Central Park bird-watching incident, 
181
–83
challenge networks, 
83
–84, 
200

218

253
author’s use of, 
86
–87, 
246
corporate cultures and, 
86
Pixar’s use of, 
83
–84


shared values in, 
84
n
Wright brothers as, 
89
–90
Challenger space shuttle disaster, 
207
change, continuity and, 
31
change talk, in motivational interviewing, 
152
–53
charged conversations, 
163
–83
binary bias and, 
165

166
complexification in, 
165
–66, 
167
–68, 
255
emotions in, 
179
–83, 
179
, 
255
idea cults and, 
176
–77
nuance in, 
168

171

174

176

183
perspective-taking vs. perspective-seeking in, 
178
productive vs. unproductive, 
179
–80, 
179
, 
180
scientist mindset in, 
183
Chatman, Jennifer, 
89
children, see 
kids
choice, freedom of, 
148

255
climate change, beliefs about:
binary bias and, 
169
complexity and, 
172
–73
desirability bias and, 
168
media and, 
170
–73
preacher mindset and, 
168
skepticism vs. denial in, 
169
spectrum of, 
169
–70, 
170
in U.S., 
167

168
climate deniers, 
169
Clinton, Hillary, in 2016 election, 
69

71
cognitive ability, emotional intelligence vs., 
175
–76
cognitive flexibility, see 
mental flexibility
cognitive laziness, 
7
–8
as barrier to rethinking, 
4
Coleman, Peter T., 
163
–64, 
179
collective rethinking, 
11

161
–222, 
255
–57
Columbia space shuttle disaster, 
207

210
–11, 
220
Columbia University, 
163
commitment, escalation of, 
229
–30
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, 
169
–70
common ground, search for, 
104
–5, 
107

108
–9, 
254
common identity, 
129
competence:
confidence vs., 
33
–54, 
39
, 
43
, 
44
, 
48
–49, 
49
, 
252
humility and, 
215
n
complexification, 
199
caveats and contingencies in, 
173
–74, 
176

255
in charged conversations, 
165
–67, 
255
media and, 
171
–73
as signal of credibility, 
171

174
conclusions:
author’s view of, 
245
–46


in fiction, 
245
confidence, 
46
–48
in capacity to learn, 
48

252
competence vs., 
33
–54, 
39
, 
43
, 
44
, 
48
–49, 
49
, 
252
humility and, see 
confident humility
ignorance and, 
33

40
–41, 
42
–46, 
43
, 
44
as measure of faith in self, 
46
–47, 
47
, 
49
, 
53
mental blindness and, 
41

45
see also 
armchair quarterback syndrome

impostor syndrome
confident humility, 
46
–48, 
47
, 
49
, 
52
–54, 
67

72
n, 
112

116
–19, 
215

249
in motivational interviewing, 
147

157
confirmation bias, 
25

28

29

174
n, 
252
conflict:
avoidance of, 
81
–82
constructive, 
77
–93, 
253
as energizing for disagreeable people, 
82

84
in families, 
80
–81
in low-performing vs. high-performing groups, 
78
–80, 
79
see also 
relationship conflict

task conflict
conformity, group polarization and, 
127
–28
confusion, in learning process, 
199

255

256
constructive conflict, 
77
–93, 
253
contingencies, 
174

176

255
continuity, change and, 
31
Cooper, Christian, 
181
–82
core values, 
55
–56
beliefs vs., 
64

66
n, 
251
coronavirus pandemic, 
248

249
rethinking assumptions in, 
9
–10
Costanza, George (char.), 
68

118
counterfactual thinking:
beliefs and, 
137
–39
destabilizing stereotypes with, 
134
–40
Coutifaris, Constantinos, 
213
craft, mastery of, 
198
Crane, Frasier (char.), 
55
crises, reversion to learned responses in, 
5
–7
criticism, reception to, 
87
n
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 
27
Cuomo, Andrew, 
249
curiosity, 
27
–28, 
59

67

92

102

105

106

115

117

137

140

145

147

156
–59, 
165

174

180

188
,
197

199

200

203

211

214

221

251

255
in motivational interviewing, 
147

157
Dalio, Ray, 
63
Darwin, Charles, 
33
Davis, Daryl, in encounters with white supremacists, 
121
–22, 
139
–41, 
151
Davis, Murray, 
59
Dear Penn Freshmen (website), 
197
debates, 
97
–119


adversarial approach to, 
102
–3, 
107
brick walls in, 
116
confident humility in, 
116
–17
curiosity in, 
117
disagreements reframed as, 
91
–92
focusing on key points in, 
109
–11, 
254
as negotiations, 
104
nuance in, 
117
politician mindset, 
107
–8
preacher mindset, 
110
prosecutor mindset, 
110
question-based approach in, 
112
–13
responses to hostility in, 
113
–16
scientist mindset in, 
102
–6, 
107

108
–9
search for common ground in, 
107

108
–9, 
254
defend-attack spirals, 
105

109
deniers, skeptics vs., 
169
desirability bias, 
25

28

29

71

168

173

174
n
detachment:
of opinions from identity, 
62

69
–70, 
76
of past from present sense of self, 
62
–63, 
69

76

251
Difficult Conversations Lab, 
163
–64, 
179
disagreeable people:
conflict as energizing for, 
82

84
as good critics, 
86
–87
task conflict and, 
83

84
task conflict encouraged by, 
90

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