Theoretical Grammar The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar

Shortening (Contraction). This comparatively new way of word-building has achieved high degree of productivity. Shortenings (contracted words) are produced in 2 different ways. The 1st is to make new word from syllable of original word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone made from telephone), its ending (as in hols from holidays) or both beginning and ending (as in flu from influenza).The 2nd way of shortening is to make new word from initial letters of word group: B.B.C. from British Broadcasting Corporation. This type called initial shortenings. They are found not only among formal words also among colloquialisms and slang. The history of American okay seems to be rather typical and was supposed to stand for all correct. Onomatopoeia is a deliberate use of words or combinations of words whose sounds produce an imitation of a natural sound, such as animal noises like "oink" or "meow", or suggesting its source object, such as "boom", "zoom", "click", "bunk", "clang", "buzz", or "bang". It is often based on and combined with alliteration. Reduplication is a morphological process by which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated. Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. There are various categories of this: rhyming, exact and ablaut (vowel substitution). Examples, are respectively, harum-scarum\ hocus-pocus, wee-wee\ blah-blah\ bye-bye and zig-zag\ ping-pong\ tip-top.

3. Word-formation. Non-productive ways: back-formation, blending, sound-imitation, sound interchange, change of stress. (Словотвір. Непродуктивні способи словотвору: зворотне словотворення, зрощення, звуконаслідування, чергування звуків, зміна наголосу).

Word-formation. Is branch of science of l-ge, which studies patterns on which l-ge forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). It’s process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes. 2 major groups of word formation:
1) Words formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic signs (types: compounding is joining together 2 or more stems “headache, heartbreak”, affixation, conversion “work – to work”, and back-formation (edit2) Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs (blending, clipping)
Common for both groups is that a new word is based on synchronic relationship between morphemes.