particles. However, though the criterion for classification was
functional, Henry Sweet failed to break the tradition and classified
words into those having morphological forms and lacking
morphological forms, in other words, declinable and indeclinab le.
A distributional approach to the parts of speech
classification can be illustrated by the classification introduced by
Charles Fries. He wanted to avoid the traditional terminology and
establish a classification of words based on distributive analysis,
that is, the ability of words to combine with other words of
different types. Within this approach, the part of speech is a
functioning pattern and a word belonging to the same class should
be the same only in one aspect – occupy the same position and
perform the same syntactic function in speech utterances. Charles
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Fries introduced this classification. He used the method of
frames (подстановки) e.g.:
Frame A
The concert was good.
Frame B
The clerk remembered the tax.
Frame C
The team went there.
Words that can substitute the word ―concert‖, ―clerk‖,
―team‖, ―the tax‖ (e.g. woman, food, coffee, etc.) are Class 1
words. Class 2 words are ―was‖, ―remembered‖ and ―went‖.
Words that can take the position of ―good‖ are Class 3 words.
Words that can fill the position of ―there‖ are called Class 4
words. [19, p. 108]
It turned out that his four classes of words were practically
the same as traditional nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. What
is really valuable in Charles Fries‘ classification is his
investigation of 15 groups of function words (form-classes)
because he was the first linguist to pay attention to some of their
peculiarities.
The drawback of this classification is that morphological
and semantic properties are completely neglected, because words
of different nature are treated as items of the same class and vice a
versa.
In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on
the basis of the three criteria: ―semantic‖, ―formal‖, and
―functional‖.
The semantic criterion presupposes the evaluatio n of the
generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subset of
words constituting a given part of speech. This meaning is
understood as the ―categorial meaning of the part of speech‖. The
formal criterion provides for the exposition of the spec ific
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inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of all the
lexemic subsets of a part of speech. The functional criterion
concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a
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