Theoretical english grammar assessment

4. Nominalization:
- a transformation rule symbolized as S – NP, a syntactic process of transferring into a nominal function. It is opposed to substantivization, a paradigmatic process of acquiring properties of a noun.
- the grammatical process of forming nouns from other parts of speech, usually verbs or adjectives. For example, in English: nominalized from the verb to write: writing, writer as in His writing is illegible. Her mother is a writer.
5. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations:
- one of the two planes of language structure comprising language units in their class membership:
Syntagmatics
– one of the two planes of language structure comprising language units in their linear ordering.
- Syntagmatic relations: the relationship that linguistic units (e.g. words, clauses) have with other units because they may occur in a sequence. For example, a word may be said to have syntagmatic relations with the other words which occur in the sentence in which it appears, but paradigmatic relations with words that could be substituted for it in the sentence.

For example:

I gave Tracy the book

passed
handed

threw

- in this example the sumbol indicates syntagmatic relation while the sybbol stands for paradigmatic relation.


6. Structure:
- hierarchically built up composition implying layering and integration of objects;
- the term often refers to a sequence of linguistic units that are in a certain relationship to another.
For example, one of the structures of a noun phrase may be “article + adjective + noun as” in the friendy way. One of the possible syllable structures in English is CVC (consonant + vowel + consonant) as in the word CONCERT.
7. Lexeme:
- the lexical meaning bearer of the word, traditionally called “the stem”;
- the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected.
For example, in English, all inflected forms such as give, gives, giving, gave belong to the same lexeme give.

8. 
   Sentence:
   

- the largest structural unit that displays stateable grammatical relationships, not dependent on any other structure.
- the largest unit of grammatical organization within which parts of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adverbs) and grammatical classes (e.g. word, phrase, clause) are said to function. In English a sentence normally contains one independent clause with a finite verb.
9. Speech act:
- an utterance as a functional unit in communication. In speech act theory, utterances have two kinds of meaning:
a) propositional meaning (also known as locutionary meaning). This is the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by the particular words and structures which the utterance contains.
b) illocutionary meaning (also known as illocutionary form). This is the effect the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener.
- an utterance defined in terms of the intentions of the speaker and the effect it has on the listener.