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Theme: Methods of typological studies.
Plan:
1. What is typology?
2. Methods of typology.
3. Comparative Method.
4. Comparative-historical Method.
Key words: typology, morphemes, logos, science, linguistic, confrontational, common laws, terminological
The word typology consists of two Greek morphemes: typos- means type and logos- means science or word. Typology is a branch of science which is typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect their typological method is not limited with the sphere of one science. It has a universal rise. So typology may be divided into:
1. Non-linguistic and
2. Linguistic typology
Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics.
Linguistic typology is a new branch of general linguistics, which studies the systems of languages comparatively, also finds common laws of languages and establishes differences and similarities between them.
In linguistics we may come across many terms as to the terminological nature of linguistic typology. They are:
1. Comparative Method,
2. Comparative-historical Method,
3. Comparative (or Contrastive) Linguistics,
4. Comparative Typology,
5. Comparative Grammar,
6. Confrontational grammar,
7. Descriptive-Comparative Linguistics
History of Comparative Linguistics
The end of the 18th century up to the middle of the 19th century, which is called the beginning of comparative research;
the end of the 19th century – the period of neogrammarian studies, when linguists started comparing living languages;
the beginning of the 20th century up to the present – the period of structural and functional approaches to language.
1. The comparative-historical method in linguistics.
Linguists today hotly debate the issue of monogenesis vs. polygenesis. One scientific way to study the origin of language is to try to prove historical relationships between languages. To find language families, that is, groups of languages descended from a common ancestor, linguists compare languages to find systematic differences or similarities. This method of analysing languages is known as the comparative method; linguists using it are referred to as comparative linguists. Some languages are obviously related to one another, as shown by the presence of systematic differences--like the regular sound correspondence between English [T] and German [d]. Many such correspondences show up between the vocabulary of French and Spanish, on one hand, Hebrew and Arabic, on the other, as well as between such geographically disparate languages as Hawaiian, Maori and Malasy.
When comparative linguists discover a group of historically related languages, they try to reconstruct the original form of the ancestor language of each family, which they call a proto language. Obviously, there is no way to prove the results, and proto-language reconstruction is risky business intellectually.
Lumpers have narrowed the number of proto-languages to about two dozen (see map): Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, 4 families in Africa, a few in East Asia; perhaps only 3 in all of the Americas. Also, there are a few languages left over that seem not related to any others. They are called language isolates: Basque, Ket, Burushaski. These languages are probably remnants of larger families spoken in the distant past.
•Comparative typology is a branch of linguistics comparing languages in order to establish their similarities and differences. Its object is not singular and individual cases of similarity and difference but those which are common for large groups of language elements. Comparative typology classifies languages according to their structure. Although languages may differ in their material (i.e. have no words of the same root, or common morphemes) their structure (i.e. relations between the elements, functions of the elements) may be similar.•English – Indo European Family – Germanic – Analytic – SVO •Uzbek – Turkic family – Southeastern – Uighur-chagatay – Agglutinative – SOV
Comparative grammar is the branch of linguistics primarily concerned with the analysis and comparison of the grammatical structures of related languages or dialects.
The term comparative grammar was commonly used by 19th-century philologists. However, Ferdinand de Saussure regarded comparative grammar as "a misnomer for several reasons, the most troublesome of which is that it implies the existence of a scientific grammar other than that which draws on the comparison of languages".
In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a speech community.
All academic research in linguistics is descriptive; like all other scientific disciplines, it seeks to describe reality, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be. Modern descriptive linguistics is based on a structural approach to language, as exemplified in the work of Leonard Bloomfield and others.
Methods of comparative typological research.
-the comparative method aims at establishing the isomorphic(alongside of allomorphic) features and on their basis the determining of structural types of languages under contrastive investigation;
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