Theme: Gerund and gerundial construction

Theme:Gerund and gerundial construction

Plan:

• About gerund
• Active and Passive gerund
• Simple and Perfect gerund
• Verbal nouns
• Conclution

Gerund fe´lning fe´llik va otlik xususiyatiga ega bo´lgan shaklidir.Gerundda infinitivga qaraganda otlik xususiyati ko´proq.O´zbek tilida gerundga harakat nomi to´g´ri keladi. Gerund otlik xususiyatiga ega bo´lganligi uchun gapda otga o´xshab quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1)ega bo´lib Reading is her favoraite occupation 2)ot-kesim bo´lib Her greatest pleasure is reading 3)fe´l-kesim bo´lib He finished reading the newspaper 4)vositasiz to´ldiruvchi bo´lib I remember reading the book 5)predlogli vositali to´ldiruvchi bo´lib I am fond of reading 6)aniqlovchi bo´lib I had the pleasure of reading in the newspaper of your success 7)hol bo´lib After reading the letter I put it into the drawer

Gerund ma´lum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bo´lmagan ish-xarakatni ifodalashi mumkin: Swimming is a good exercise

Gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat u qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan bajarilsa, Active Gerund ishlatiladi

For example:

• He likes inviting his friends to his house
• I remember having shown her the letter
• He entered the room without noticing Kate

Gerund ifodalayotgan ish-harakat u qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bo‘lmasdan, boshqa shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir etilayotgan bo‘lsa, Passive Gerund ishlatiladi

For example:

• He likes being invited by his friends.
• I remember having been shown the letter.
• He entered the room without being noticed

Quyidagi hollarda Simple Gerund ishlatiladi: a) gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda sodir bo‘lgan ishharakatni ifodalash uchun I am surprised at hearing this.

b) kelasi zamonga taalluqli bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun

We intend shipping the goods in May

c) vaqtdan qat’i nazar

Loading heavy weights requires great skill

Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lgan ish-hara katni ifodalash uchun Perfect Gerund ishlatiladi

For example:

• I don’t remember having seen him before
• He mentioned having read it in the paper

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND be better off - yaxshisi You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow ADJECTIVE (PARTICIPLE) + PREPOSITION + GERUND accustomed to -ga o‘rgangan We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND excuse for -dan bahona George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

Verbal Nouns (Fe’ldan yasalgan otlar)

-ing qo‘shimchasi bilan fe’llardan otlar yasash mumkin.Fe’ldan Yasalgan otlar gerunddan farq qilib artikl bilan ishlatilishi mumkin, ko‘p lik shakliga ega bo‘ladi va sifat bilan aniqlanadi

He took part in the sittings of the committee

Fe’ldan yasalgan otlar gerunddan farq qilib, zamon va nisbatga ega emas, ulardan keyin vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi kelmaydi

They started the loading of the ship

Arrival- yetib kelish

Yuqoridagi ot mavjud bo‘lganda odatda –ing qo‘shimchasi bilan tugagan otlar ishlatilmaydi

We were informed of the arrival

(the arriving emas) of the ship

Conclution

A gerund is a any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages, most often, but not exclusivelz , one that functions as a noun. In English it is a tzpe of verbal noun, one that retains properties of a verb , such as being modifiable by an adverb and being able to take a direct object. The term “-ing form” is often used in English to the refer to the gerund specifically.