Theme: Development of detective genre. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle contents: Introduction Chapter Historical development of detective genre

1.2. Definition of the detective genre and its subgenres

The analysis of the history of detective genre demands the proper definition of this

genre. To define the detective novel is from many aspects difficult. Tzvetan Todorov in his

study “The Typology of Detective Fiction” described three main sub-categories of this

genre. For the first type, Todorov establishes the novel containing a mystery called

whodunit. The second subgenre is the genre of a thriller and the final type is so-called

suspense novel combining elements of the first and the second type. This classification

does not describe the development of completely distinct forms. They are all types of

detective fiction coexisting together but following different rules. Their development is

therefore not diachronic but each of the subgenres bears similar signs with one distinctive

trace.

The completely distinct forms of the detective genre, placing the emphasis on the

criminal part of the story, are hard-boiled mode and police procedural. These styles were

spread and popular in the United States. In Britain, the emphasis was placed on the pure

detective investigation and tension arising from uncertainty of revealing the real criminal.

Numerous authors represent the American hard-boiled mode. From the American authors

for illustration Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler or John Dickson Carr. John Scaggs

defines the police procedural as the most popular style in the United States after the World

War II. “The police procedural is a sub-genre of detective fiction that examines how a team

of professional policemen (and women) work together.”The distinction from British traditions is

visible in the dominant work of a police team, not an individual detective. The

police procedural is a typical writing style of authors like Ed McBainor Chester Hime. As

mentioned before, the British writing style is different from the American in

many aspects, which will be described in detail in the following chapters. The definition of

detective genre is represented in the rules created to guide authors writing in this style. The

strictest defendants of rules forming good detective stories were Gilbert K. Chesterton and

Ronald A. Knox. According to Škvorecký, the rules were formulated for the first time from the

knowledge of detection like a game and then as a logical consequence the rules were

compiled. An American literary critic Williard Huntington Wright, better known as S.S.

Van Dine, published “The Twenty Rules For Writing Detective Stories” in 1928. Year

later, Knox revised the twenty rules into ten new ones, which are called the Knox´s

Decalogue. Chesterton believed in Decalogue as the guide that must be obeyed and his

enthusiasm led to his appointment to the President post of Detection Club, which associated

the authors of detective mystery fiction of the twentieth century. As a president, Chesterton

controlled the oath, that every member must took and helped other writers to compose their

works. The rules consisted of advice and instructions for the writers what they can and

what they should not do with their novels. There was a rule prohibiting the supernatural

intervention, rules prohibiting a detective or his companion to be the murderers and the rule

obliging the detective to present all the clues he finds to the reader. All these rules created a fair

play environment for the writer and his reader.The most productive era of the British detective

fiction started at the end of the nineteenth century. The most prolific author of this period is

considered Sir Arthur Conan Doyle with his Sherlock Holmes series. Authors who started their

writing career after the Doyle became known as the authors of The Golden Age of Detective

Fiction. The Golden

Age started shortly before the World War I and continued until the World War II. The

typical form used during the Golden Age was the classical whodunit novel, containing

mystery as the introductory part and investigation as the second part of the novel. The

whodunit style is characteristic by the mysterious death violating the natural order of law-

abiding citizens when “for a time all must live in its shadow, till the fallen one is identified.

With his arrest, innocence is restored, and the law retires forever”10

Another significant trace of English whodunit is the duality in stories. The first part

of a novel is written as one action in the past that tells the reader who was killed, but when

and how it was done is kept in secret. The presence of the unknown indicates the

importance of a detective to investigate it. This story represents the predominant part of the

whodunit. It is the first story that makes it different from the American hard-boiled genre,

where the crime as the introductory part can be omitted, or the whole story leads to the

crime that is story-final. The exact investigation of the initial crime consists of systematic

assembling of clues, motives and interrogations. The second part of the novel consists of

revealing the identity of the murderer. This part of the novel is written in form of

introspections that explain to the reader the motives of the murderer that led him to crime.

Revealing the identity of the criminal, excluding all the innocent suspects and the final

punishment, form the very last part of the whodunit.

The English detective novel is characterised by incorporating the new scientific

advance. In the nineteenth century there was a massive scientific development in the field

of photography, dactyloscopy and biology. This development influenced also the police

investigation, which was reflected similarly in the novels. Since the ordinary people did not

have the opportunity to explore the new trends, the detective novel explaining and

describing the technique of dactyloscopy or chemical blood testing processes to the readers

became quite popular. One of the significant traces of English whodunit is its main character,

the figure of

a detective. This figure is usually an eccentric man, a drug addict like Sherlock Holmes, a

chronic detailer like Hercule Poirot or an elderly lady observing the world from behind the

knitting needles. The British whodunit developed Poe´s omnipresent companion narrating

the story. Every great detective has his partner who alleviates his extremity and represents

detective´s counterpart. This man explains, records and narrates the story. He adds

additional information that the detective does not consider as important mentioning and

“embodies the social and ideological norms of the period.”11 Like the detective, also his 15

companion remains apolitical, they do not represent any strong political way of thinking

neither are they members of political parts.

Unlike the American norm, an amateur detective performs the investigation of the

crime. This distinguishes the American crime fiction, where the investigator is mostly a

professional detective, private eye or a police officer. The American tradition is

characterised by “a tough, insensitive, overtly masculine, and sexist detective who solves

crimes with a pistol and his fists, rather than through any deductive reasoning or application

of logic.”12 His investigation consists more of pursuing the suspect rather than revealing the

story lying behind the crime.

Another distinctive trace of American fiction is “in their characteristic settings. The

modern city is generally recognised as the normal setting for hard-boiled fiction, while

Golden Age fiction, at least in its English version, often features a rural or semi-rural

setting.”13 The typical setting in an English whodunit is in the countryside, noble mansions

or in the smaller Victorian villages. In the British traditional whodunit are almost none of

the detective novels are the murders committed in the alley behind a factory or in the

middle of big cities.

The British writing style is nevertheless distinctive in itself. There are authors from

Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Every part of Britain is specific in its culture, mentality and

traditions. The literature of these countries reflects the national specifics and differences.

Beside the fact that the boom of detective fiction written in Ireland, Wales or Scotland is

prominent in the second part of the twentieth century, there are authors who made their

name in the literary world of detective fiction in the early twentieth century.

From the Irish literature there should be mentioned Cathal Ó Sándair (1922–1996)

author of the famous Irish language detective Réics Carló. Purely Scottish background

represents Alfred Walter Stewart (1880-1947) a chemist and part-time novelist, author of

seventeen detective novels writing mostly under the pseudonym J.J. Connington. Stewart

brought to life several detectives, the Superintendent Ross and the Chief Constable Sir

Clinton Driffield.The most prolific era of Welsh detective and criminal fiction started in the second

part of the twentieth century. Author Meirion James Trow, a contemporary author, revived

a character from Sherlock Holmes stories and made an interesting collection of novels. All

novels are set between the years 1879 and 1923 and feature Inspector Lestrade from

Scotland Yard as the main character. In Doyle´s stories about Sherlock Holmes Inspector

Lestrad was in a supporting role, representing the official police branch. Beside this allusion to

Sherlock Holmes stories, other Welsh authors of detective novels were Frank

Showell Styles (1908-2005) whose detective fiction was written under the pseudonym Glyn

Carr and Ethel Lina White (1876- 1944).

All these authors represent a part in British detective fiction history but it is the

English fiction, which is undoubtedly distinctive from Irish Welsh or Scottish by its

characteristic setting, characters, plots and structure. The ideal combination of all nations in

Britain is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle was born in Scotland, both his parents were Irish

and Doyle himself spent his whole life in England.The most important era for the English

detective fiction was during the Golden Age

when the pure form of a detective story represented a puzzle or a game. For this type of

mystery fiction was established the term whodunit in nineteen thirties. Many excellent

authors representing whodunit writing style during the Golden Age interwar period

continued in this style after the World War II. Margery Allingham and her amateur sleuth

Albert Campion, E.C. Bentley, G.K. Chesterton and his Father Brown stories, Agatha

Christie and her most popular Belgian detective Hercule Poirot or amateur spinster

detective Miss Marple are an examples of the whodunit detective fiction. Other authors like

Father Ronald Knox and Dorothy L. Sayers and her snobbish amateur detective Lord Peter

Wimsey also illustrate this genre.

To analyse entire works of all English authors would not be possible in the extent of

a bachelor thesis, therefore only the most significant and influential authors will be

discussed. The characteristics of the genre will be exemplified with the samples from the

novels and short stories of Agatha Christie, Gilbert Keith Chesterton and Arthur Conan

Doyle. There is no rule of being a man in the world of detective fiction, nevertheless, to

have a woman detective is very unusual. This atypical feature probably originates from the

notion of detective, and of police work as well, to be a dangerous profession. In the

nineteenth century, the conventionalized idea of a woman was to be kept in safety without

being exposed to danger, which a criminal world of murderers represents.

Agatha Christie (1890 - 1976) was as a very prolific writer not only by the

numerous books she wrote but also with the number of detectives she had created. Beside

the famous Belgian detective, she created a detective duo Tommy and Tuppence, a married

couple solving mysteries as their hobby. Christie´s love for Commedia dell´ arte inspired

her to create Harley Quin, a curious man helping Mr Satterthwaite solving mysteries.

Another remarkable detective is Parker Pyne, solving not the exact mysteries but

unhappiness in the lives of unhappy people. Agatha Christie´s most famous woman

detective was a lady with no exact profession but with infallible intuition and a great sense

of observation and listening, Miss Jane Marple.

To describe this unordinary female sleuth, the official web site of Agatha Christie

provides original description: “Her powers of deduction occasionally hide behind her three

chief joys in life: knitting, gardening and gossip. Criminals and murderers fail to realise
that with every stitch she is not only making a cardigan, but solving a crime. From her

small house in the village of St Mary Mead she observes every aspect of human nature.”30

This description of Jane Marple corresponds with another characteristic, written by John

Scaggs. In his work about Crime fiction, Scaggs describes the usefulness of surveillance, in

form of cameras and databases or surveillance by an authority of police officers in solving

and untangling the difficult cases. Scaggs proposes that Miss Marple’s surveillance, in many ways, fulfils the same function. “In St Mary Mead everyone knows your most

intimate affairs. There is no detective in England equal to a spinster lady of uncertain age

with plenty of time on her hands."31 The proper description of Jane Marple is in the first

novel featuring this detective, Murder at the Vicarage from 1930, where Christie wrote,

“Miss Marple always sees everything. Gardening is as good as a smoke screen, and the

habit of observing birds through powerful glasses can always be turned to account.”32

Inhabitants of this fictional village of St Mary Mead represent a diverse variety of

characters that are all connected to each other, through the family relations and friendships

or the most importantly, neighbourhood unity. “Collecting moral and financial support for

all these worthy causes was an important social activity in itself. Appropriate small black

book in hand, one could knock at any door, distributing gossip with the annual Armstice

Day poppies and receiving back what often proved to be valuable piece of information.

Miss Marple found this a particularly helpful method of investigation in some of her more

difficult cases.”

33 Jane Marple is not a typical example of an amateur sleuth; firstly, she is a

woman and, secondly, she does not have her own Watson and is not in close contact with

any professional detective or a police officer.

Chapter 2. About Arthur Conan Doyle

2.1. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's life and his career

We know detective genre has been developed for so many years. In this genre there are lots of

writers live and work with this genre. Such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle who is the king of the

detective genre, Agatha Christie who is a first woman detective writer. Now I am going to give

information about the king of detective genre Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Arthur Ignatius Conan

Doyle was born on May 22, 1859, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Doyles were a prosperous Irish-

Catholic family. Charles Altamont Doyle, Arthur's father, a chronic alcoholic, was a moderately

successful artist, who apart from fathering a brilliant son, never accomplished anything of note.

At the age of twenty-two, Charles had married Mary Foley, a vivacious and well educated young

woman of seventeen.Mary Doyle had a passion for books and was a master storyteller. Her son

Arthur wrote of his mother's gift of "sinking her voice to a horror-stricken whisper" when she

reached the culminating point of a story. There was little money in the family and even less

harmony on account of his father's excesses and erratic behaviour. Arthur's touching

description of his mother's beneficial influence is also poignantly described in his autobiography,

"In my early childhood, as far as I can remember anything at all, the vivid stories she would tell me stand out so clearly that they obscure the real facts of my life." Mary Foley Doyle is Arthur’s

mother.After Arthur reached his ninth birthday, the wealthy members of the Doyle family offered

to pay for his studies. He was in tears all the way to England, where he spent seven years in a

Jesuit boarding school. Arthur loathed the bigotry surrounding his studies and rebelled at

corporal punishment, which was prevalent and incredibly brutal in most English schools of that

epoch.During those gruelling years, Arthur's only moments of happiness were when he wrote to

his mother, a regular habit that lasted for the rest of her life, and also when he practised sports,

mainly cricket, at which he was very good. It was during these difficult years at boarding school

that Arthur realized he also had a talent for storytelling. He was often found surrounded by a

bevy of totally enraptured younger students listening to the amazing stories he would make up

to amuse them.By 1876, graduating at the age of seventeen, Arthur Doyle, (as he was called,

before adding his middle name "Conan" to his surname), was a surprisingly normal young man.

With his innate sense of humour and his sportsmanship, having ruled out any feelings of self-

pity, Arthur was ready and willing to face the world.Years later he wrote, "Perhaps it was good

for me that the times were hard, for I was wild, full blooded and a trifle reckless. But the

situation called for energy and application so that one was bound to try to meet it. My mother

had been so splendid that I could not fail her." It has been said that Arthur's first task, when back

from school, was to co-sign the committal papers of his father, who by then was seriously

demented.One can get a fairly good idea of the dramatic circumstances which surrounded the

confinement of his father to a lunatic asylum in a story Arthur Conan Doyle wrote in 1880 called

The Surgeon of Gaster Fell.Family tradition would have dictated the pursuit of an artistic career,

yet Arthur decided to follow a medical one. This decision was influenced by Dr. Bryan Charles

Waller, a young lodger his mother had taken-in to make ends meet. Dr. Waller had trained at the

University of Edinburgh and that is where Arthur was sent to carry out his medical studies.The

young medical student met a number of future authors who were also attending the university,

including James Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. However the man who most impressed

and influenced him was without a doubt, one of his teachers, Dr. Joseph Bell. The good doctor

was a master at observation, logic, deduction, and diagnosis. All these qualities were later to be

found in the persona of the celebrated detective Sherlock Holmes.A couple of years into his

studies, Arthur decided to try his pen at writing a short story. The result entitled The Mystery of

Sasassa Valley was very evocative of the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Bret Harte, his favourite

authors at the time. It was accepted in an Edinburgh magazine called Chamber's Journal, which

had published Thomas Hardy's first work.That same year, Conan Doyle's second story The

American Tale was published in London Society, making him write much later, "It was in this

year that I first learned that shillings might be earned in other ways than by filling phials."Arthur

Conan Doyle's was twenty years old and in his third year of medical studies when a chance for

adventure knocked on his door. He was offered the post of ship's surgeon on the Hope, a

whaling boat, about to leave for the Arctic Circle. The Hope first stopped near the shores of

Greenland, where the crew proceeded to hunt for seals. The young medical student was

appalled by the brutality of the exercise. But apart from that, he greatly enjoyed the camaraderie

on board the ship and the subsequent whale hunt fascinated him. "I went on board the whaler a

big straggling youth" he said, "I came off a powerful, well-grown man". The Arctic had

"awakened the soul of a born wanderer" he concluded many years later. This adventure found

its way into his first story about the sea, a chilling tale called Captain of the Pole-Star.Without

much enthusiasm, Conan Doyle returned to his studies in the autumn of 1880. A year later, he

obtained his "Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degree. On this occasion, he drew a

humorous sketch of himself receiving his diploma, with the caption: "Licensed to Kill”.Dr. Arthur

Conan Doyle's first gainful employment after his graduation was as a medical officer on the

steamer “Mayumba”, a battered old vessel navigating between Liverpool and the west coast of

Africa.Unfortunately he did not find Africa to be as seductive as the Arctic, so he gave up that

position as soon as the boat landed back in England. Then came a short but quite dramatic stint

with an unscrupulous doctor in Plymouth of which Conan Doyle gave a vivid account of forty

years later in The Stark Munro Letters. After that debacle, and on the verge of bankruptcy,

Conan Doyle left for Portsmouth, to open his first practice.He rented a house but was only able

to furnish the two rooms his patients would see. The rest of the house was almost bare and his practice was off to a rocky start. But he was compassionate and hard-working, so that by the end of the third year, his practice started to earn him a comfortable income.During the next years, the young man divided his time between trying to be a good doctor and struggling to become a recognized author. In August of 1885, he married a young woman called Louisa Hawkins, the sister of one of his patients. He described her in his memoirs as having been "gentle and amiable."In March 1886, Conan Doyle started writing the novel which catapulted him to fame. At first it was named A Tangled Skein and the two main characters were called Sheridan Hope and Ormond Sacker. Two years later this novel was published in Beeton's Christmas Annual, under the title A Study in Scarlet which introduced us to the immortal Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. Conan Doyle much preferred his next novel Micah Clark, which though well received, is by now almost forgotten. This marked the start of a serious dichotomy in the author's life. There was Sherlock Holmes, who very quickly became world famous, in stories its author considered at best "commercial" and there were a number of serious historical novels, poems and plays, for which Conan Doyle expected to be recognized as a serious author.During that time, he also wrote a very strange and confusing tale about the afterlife of three vengeful Buddhist monks called The Mystery of Cloomber. This story illustrates the start of Conan Doyle’s fascination with the paranormal and spiritualism.Surprisingly, at that time, Conan Doyle was better known as a writer in the United States of America than in England. In August of 1889, Joseph Marshall Stoddart, managing editor of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in Philadelphia, came to London to organize a British edition of his magazine. He invited Conan Doyle for dinner in London at the elegant Langham Hotel which was to be mentioned later in a number of Holmesian adventures, and he also asked Oscar Wilde, who by then was already quite well known.Oscar Wilde appeared to be a languorous dandy whereas Conan Doyle, in spite of his best suit, looked somewhat like a walrus in Sunday clothes. Yet Oscar and Arthur got along famously. "It was indeed a golden evening for me." Conan Doyle wrote of this meeting. As a result of this literary soirée, Lippincott's commissioned the young doctor to write a short novel, which was published in England and the US in February of 1890. This story, The Sign of Four was instrumental in establishing Sherlock Holmes and Arthur Conan Doyle once and for all in the annals of literature.To write The Sign of Four, Conan Doyle had to set aside for a time The White Company, a historical novel he always said was the work he had most enjoyed writing. This is not surprising, for the main characters had the same traits of decency and honour, which guided the author through his life. Thirty years later, he told a journalist, "I was young and full of the first joy of life and action, and I think I got some of it into my pages. When I wrote the last line, I remember that I cried: 'Well, I'll never beat that' and threw the ink pen at the opposite wall.”In spite of his literary success, a flourishing medical practice and a harmonious family life enhanced by the birth his daughter Mary, Conan Doyle was restless.He decided the time had come to leave Portsmouth, and go to Vienna, where he wanted to specialize in Ophthalmology. A foreign language turned that trip into somewhat of a fiasco and after a visit to Paris; Conan Doyle hurried back to London followed by the gentle Louisa. Conan Doyle opened a practice in elegant Upper Wimpole Street where, if you read his autobiography, not a single patient ever crossed his door. This inactivity gave him a lot of time to think and as a result, he made the most profitable decision of his life, that of writing a series of short stories featuring the same characters. By then, Conan Doyle was represented by A. P. Watt, whose duty was to relieve him of "hateful bargaining." Hence, it was Watt who made the deal with The Strand magazine to publish the Sherlock Holmes stories. The "image" of Holmes was created by the illustrator Sidney Paget who took his handsome brother Walter as a model for the great detective. This collaboration lasted for many decades and was instrumental in making the author, the magazine and the artist, world famous.To the delight of thousands of frustrated fans, the The Strand magazine published the first episode of The Hound of the Baskervilles in August of 1901.A year later, King Edward VII knighted Conan Doyle for services rendered to the Crown during the Boer War.
2.2.The literature analysis of " The sign of four"

We know Arthur Conan Doyle has a lot of famous work in detective literature. One of them is " The sign of four " . This number four means people ¹ who stole the great amount of treasure from Agra. These people are: Akhbar, Mr Smoll , Muhammad and the last one is Mr Sholto. In the beginning of this book Miss Morster came to Sherlock Holmes and Watson to define a murderer of Mr Sholto. Arthur Conan Doyle's mystery novel The Sign of the Four (1890) is in part a satire of the British police force.Britain's police force was criticized during the Victorian period for failing to solve cases. In 1829, the Metropolitan police were established to get rid of crime. These officers were recruited from the lower classes in order that the lower classes not feel like they were being subject to class discrimination. Only in the 1870s was a proper detective department established. The crimes of serial killer Jack the Ripper in 1888 made headlines and struck fear into Londoners. Therefore, Conan Doyle's 1890 novel directly addresses the shortcomings of London's Criminal Investigation Department (CID). For example, in the case of Jack of the Ripper, authorities suspected that the culprit was an upper-class man Conan Doyle presents Sherlock Holmes as a foil for the short-sighted police force. When Mary Morston arrives at Holmes's apartment with her quandary, she informs him that the police could not find her father after his disappearance. Moreover, Thaddeus Sholto demonstrates a marked aversion to the police from his first note to Mary, instructing her not to bring police. He later states, "there is nothing more unaesthetic than a policeman. I have a natural shrinking from all forms of rough materialism."Baker Street. London street on which Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson share upstairs. Sholto’s house. Residence of the art collector Thaddeus Sholto, near Coldharbour Lane, in south London.Arthur Conan Doyle presents Sherlock Holmes as an outstanding detective throughout The Sign of Four. Holmes is portrayed as a man driven by his quest for the truth, with abilities to observe and deduce that are unmatched.One key event is in the very first scene, where we find Watson observing Holmes indulging in his cocaine habit. As a doctor and a friend, Watson is concerned and disgusted by Holmes's habit, and he is distressed at Holmes's apathetic response to his attempts to cure him of it. Holmes, on the other hand, is unmoved, and he denies being actually addicted to cocaine, attributing his usage to the absence of a mentally stimulating case. This sets us up to understand both the doctor's continuing concern for his friend's health and Holmes's unusual views of his own drug usage. At the end of this work Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson solve this problem. They defined a murderer of Mr Sholto. And also Dr Watson fall in love with Miss Morster and they married.

¹ The number of four means : Akhbar, Mr Smoll , Muhammad and Mr Sholto
Conclusion

To my sum up detective genre is very interesting to read. After I have finished this course work I realized that tell the truth detective genre was lower genre before some years . But nowadays this genre is upper than other genres for me not only for me but also for everyone. The work described tales, stories, novels and a play progressing fromthe very first texts of the Old Testament through the Shakespearian period up to the nineteenth century. The most significant works written in Britain and bearing the traces of

the detective stories were found in the period around the turn of the century, represented by

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his undoubtedly most famous amateur sleuth Sherlock Holmes

and his little bit less intelligent friend Dr John Watson. Beside Sir Conan Doyle, the thesis

focused on two more chosen authors to be the representatives of the detective fiction of the

twentieth century. . This choice is based on the fact that the Golden Age of detective fiction,

representing the period before and between the two World Wars.The first chosen writer is Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa

Christie and her two best known detectives, the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot and the

nosy lady Miss Jane Marple. The last author that was analysed in details was Gilbert Keith

Chesterton and his empathetic priest Father Brown. The last example of a detective described in this thesis was Father Brown who represents

the morally strongest detective. The course work tried to aim at the preservation of the traditional elements of English detective genre of the nineteenth and twentieth century. I advise you to read this work. Not only this work I think you try to read all of the Arthur Conan Doyle's works.

Bibliography

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Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Stories. London: Campbell, 1992

-. The Return of Sherlock Holmes. Dover Thrift Editions. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2012.