The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do To Get More of It



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The Willpower Instinct How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do To Get More ... ( PDFDrive )

THE DARK SIDE OF DOPAMINE
Dopamine can be a great motivator, and even when it’s tempting us to order dessert or max out our
credit cards, it’s hard to describe this tiny neurotransmitter as evil. But dopamine does have a dark
side, one that’s not hard to see if we pay close attention. If we pause and notice what’s really going on
in our brains and bodies when we’re in that state of wanting, we will find that the promise of reward
can be as stressful as it is delightful. Desire doesn’t always make us feel good—sometimes it makes
us feel downright rotten. That’s because dopamine’s primary function is to make us 
pursue
happiness,
not to make us happy. It doesn’t mind putting a little pressure on us—even if that means making us
unhappy in the process.
To motivate you to seek the object of your craving, the reward system actually has two weapons: a
carrot and a stick. The first weapon is, of course, the promise of reward. Dopamine-releasing neurons
create this feeling by talking to the areas of your brain that anticipate pleasure and plan action. When
these areas are bathed in dopamine, the result is desire—the carrot that makes the horse run forward.
But the reward system has a second weapon that functions more like the proverbial stick. When your
reward center releases dopamine, it also sends a message to the brain’s stress center. In this area of
the brain, dopamine triggers the release of stress hormones. The result: You feel anxious as you
anticipate your object of desire. The need to get what you want starts to feel like a life-or-death
emergency, a matter of survival.
Researchers have observed this mixed inner experience of desire and stress in women who crave
chocolate. When they see images of chocolate, the women show a startle response—a physiological
reflex associated with alarm and arousal, as if spotting a predator in the wild. When asked what they
were feeling, the women reported both pleasure and anxiety, along with the feeling of being out of
control. When we find ourselves in a similar state, we attribute the pleasure to whatever triggered the
response, and the stress to not yet having it. We fail to recognize that the object of our desire is
causing both the anticipated pleasure and the stress.

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