The uzbek state world languages university qualification paper
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contrastive analysis of the consonants of english and uzbek languages(1)
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- Bell, Tom, on; Uzbek:бел, том, он
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SIMILARITIES OF THE CONSONANT SOUNDS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise. Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape12. English accents differ mainly in vowels, the consonants are more or less the same wherever English is spoken. So if your vowels axe not perfect you may still be understood by the listener, but. If the consonants are imperfect there may be some misunderstanding. The sentence "W-l y- -nv-t- m-t- th- p-t-?" "Will you invite me to the party?" is easy for understanding even if all the vowel letters would be left out. But if we leave all the consonant letters out ; "-i -ou i--i-e -e -o --e -a--y" it is impossible to make any sense out of it. Thus we see that there are good reasons for beginning the course of pronunciation with consonants. First we would like to examine some similarities between English and Uzbek consonant sounds. [b] is a lenis bilabial stop in English. It is fully voiced in positions between voiced sounds, as in labour, symbol, rub out, while in initial and final positions it is partially or completely devoiced, as in big, blow, rib, ebb. Note mute in limb, thumb, comb, etc.,-and debt, subtle, doubt. [b] is a plosive labial stop in Uzbek. It is fully voiced in positions between voicedsounds, as in bobograndfather, barobar equal, while in initial and final positions it is partially or completely devoiced, as inbir the number one. There is
no mute in Uzbek. Stops are bilabial [p, b], produced with both lips pressed together; forelingual, apical alveolar [t, d], produced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge; backlingual, velar [k, g] produced with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate. [p, t, k] are strong or fortis as they are pronounced with more muscular energy and a stronger breath effort than [b, d, g] which are weak or lenis. [b, d, g] may be fully voiced in word initial position before a vowel as in bag, dog, got, gapirmoq to talk, bahor spring anddushanba Mondayor in intervocalic positions as in rubber, leader, eager. In these cases the vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate. In word final position they are partly devoiced: [b. d, g] as in rob [rob], bed [bed], log. [p, t, k] are voiceless as the vocal cords are kept apart and do not vibrate13. [p, b] occur in word initial, word medial and word final positions, [p] spelt "p" as in pin, pane, capable, lip, parvoz fly, katta big,[b] spelt "b, bb" as in big, rubber, tabiiy naturally, bosh head. [p, b] are occlusive, plosive, bilabial; [p] is strong and voiceless, [b] is weak and voiced, in final position it is to a degree devoiced. Pronunciation; The lips are firmly kept together The soft palate is moved up and the air coming into the mouth stops for some time and then breaks the obstruction with a slight explosion. The vocal cords do not vibrate when [p] is produced. For [b] they are tense kept together and vibrate when [b] occurs before vowels or in intervocalic positions, egbegin, rubber, bayon clear. The breath effort is very strong for [p],for [b] it is weak. 13Hooper, Joan Bybee. 1976. An Introduction to Natural Generative Phonology. Press your lips together and push the air through the mouth breaking the obstruction made by the lips.
[d] is a lenis apical stop in English. It is fully voiced between voiced sounds, as in leader, London, endways, while in initial and final positions it is partially or completely devoiced, as in do, dry, bid, rubbed. It is most often alveolar, but may be dental before a dental fricative, as in width. [d] is a plosive alveolar stop. It is also fully voiced between voiced sounds in Uzbek like in English as in kedicat,adaisland,merhaba hello. While in initial and final positions it is partially or completely devoiced, as in od fire. [f] is [f] is a fortis, voiceless, labial fricative as infaiz interest (resulting from finance),fakat but, fuzla too much, etc. It sounds same as in English. [f, v] are constrictive fricative, labio-dental; [f] is strong and voiceless; [v] is weak and voiced, in the final position it is partly devoiced. [f, v] are labio-dental, produced with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth; Pronunciation; The low lip is very close up to the edge of the up front teeth, thus making apartialbarrier. When the air moves right through the slighting it causes slim friction.
For [f] the vocal cords do not vibrate; there can be some how vibration convoying [v] when it occurs in the word primarypoints as in vast or between vowels as in never, cover, over. For [f] the air energy is especiallypowerful. Suggestions; Put the low lip closer to the edge of the top front teeth and make a breath through them. For [f] the friction must be powerful however, not very noisy; for [v] it must be weaker then the first one. Keep the top lip out of the direction. [k] is a velar, voiceless, plosive stop as inkitob book,kuylamoq singing, ko’z eye,kapalak butterfly. [k] is aspirated atthe beginning of the word as in before given examples like kapalak, kitob, kongil-soul. is an alveolar lateral sonorant, as in lozim necessary, limon lemon. The pronunciation is the same as in English. [1] occurs in all word positions, spelt "1, 11", like, glad, tall. [1] is constrictive, lateral, forelingual, apical, alveolar. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue is in firm contact with the alveolar ridge.
The soft palate is moved up and the air moves freely to the jaw. The sides of the tongue are lowered and the air can go right through between them and the palate. The vocal cords are came together and vibrate. Suggestions; Put the tip of the tongue versus the alveolar ridge feeling a solid contact with it. 2. Let the air move right through the mouth. 33 [m] is a labial nasal sonorant, as in maktab school, mehmon guest, mavin soft. [m] occurs in all word positions, spelt "m, mm, mb, mn", For examplemean, summer, seam, comb, autumn is occlusive. nasal, bilabial. Pronunciation; The lips are definitely kept together. 2. The soft palate is downed and the air moves right through the nose. 3.The vocal cords vibrate. Suggestions; Press your both lips together and let the air move right through the nose. [n] is an alveolar nasal sonorant, as in nazil how, namaz prayer, natice result. is occlusive nasal, forelingual, apical, alveolar. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nose.3. The vocal cords vibrate. Suggestions; Put the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge and push let the air move right through the nose [p] is a quite strong, or fortis, voiceless bilabial stop. It is generally went by an aspiration when initial a stressed syllable,' as in pin, appear, impatient, play. Primarily in an unstressed syllable and finally aspiration is pretty weak, as in polite, upper, lip. When [s] comes before [p] originally in a syllable, there is 34 sensibly no aspiration, as in spin. [p] is a fortis, voiceless labial, plosive, relatively strong stop in Uzbek. It is usually accompanied by aspiration when initial stressed syllable,' as in parda curtain.Originally in an unstressed syllable and final aspiration is some how weak, as in pardoz make up, panjara cage. very.
[r] is a alveolar, flap, lateral sonorant, as in rohat peace and quiet, radetmoq to refuse, to reject, rasim picture. is constrictive, medial, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue is held in a situation near to but not touching the back of the alveolar ridge, the front part of the tongue is lower and the back is rather high so that the tongue has a curved form (cacuminal verbalization). The place of the lips is determined by that of the following vowel. The soft palate is moved up and the air flows quietly between the tip of the tongue, and the palate. The vocal cords vibrate. Suggestions; Put the tip of the tongue versus the back of the alveolar ridge lack of touching it. If you touch the alveolar ridge with the tip of the tongue there will be a rigid contact between them and the producting sound will be [1] but not [r]. Remember that [r] is a softly gliding sound with no unexpectedtransform, e.g.light — right, low — row, lock — rock. Keep the lips in the location for the following vowel, foe examplereach (spread lips), root (rounded lips). Let the air move right through to the mouth so that you could hear a smooth glide. is a fortis, voiceless, alveolar fricative, as in sut milk, sado echo, samo sky. spelt /r/ follows, as in tree. [t] is a fortis, voiceless, alveolar, plosive stop, as in tahmin an estimate, guess, tahminqilmoq to guess,takdim a presentation. It is aspirated when initial in a stressed syllable, as in tez fast,tom roof, taqinchoqjewellery. [t, d] occur in word primary, word medial and word ending positions [t]— spelt "t, tt, th, ed", for example tomb, attract, romped, took, tahmin a guess.
[d]— spelt "d, dd", for exampledoom, dude, loader, sad, kissed, odam mankind.
[t, d] are occlusive, plosive, forelingual, apical, alveolar; [t] is powerful and voiceless, [d] is weak and voiced, in final position it is somewhat devoiced. [k, g] occur in word initial, word medial and word final positions, [k] — spelt "k; c; cc+ a, o, u; qu; ch", for examplekitchen, cord, acclivity, conquest, mechanism, kabutar bird, kitob book;[g] — spelt "g;gg; gh; gu", for examplegarden, giggle, ghost, guard, gilam carpet. Pronunciation; The totalbarrier is made by the help of the tip of the tongue tightly pressed versus the center of the alveolar ridge. The soft palate is moved up and the air moving into the mouth is trapped for a period of time.Then it breaks the barrier with a minorblast. The vocal cords do not vibrate when [t] is figured. For [d] they are drawn simultaneously and vibrate when it occurs before vowels or in intervocalic points, for example done, ladder,tadbirkor businessman. The breath effort for [t] is very powerful, for [d] it is weak. Suggestions; Raise the back of the tongue to the soft palate so that you can feel a firm contact of them. Push the air from the lungs breaking the obstruction with a slight popping noise. Make the sound [k] strong and aspirated, for examplecool, calm. The Uzbek consonants [k, g] are produced in a similar way, but the breath effort for the Uzbek [к] is not so strong as for the English [k] which is aspirated. In word final position only [k] is heard, for examplebermoq to give, while the English [g] in final positions is partially devoiced, log, monologue. [v] [v] is a lenis alveolar fricative, as in vaqt time, va and.. It is fully voiced in medial positions between voiced sounds, as in tovuk hen, and partially or completely devoiced initially and finally, as in va’da promise. [z] [z] is a lenis alveolar fricative, as in zahmat hard, difficulty, zamon age. It is completely voiced in word-medial poses, as in go’zalawesome,toza clear, and incompletely or fully devoiced in word-initial and final locations. [s, z] are constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical alveolar, [s] is powerful and voiceless, [z] is weak and voiced, in thelastsituation it is to some extent devoiced. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue is close up to the teeth ridge. The narrowing is rounded, because of the groove in the blade of the tongue.
The teeth are very close up together. The vocal cords do not vibrate when [s] is created. For [z] they vibrate when it occurs before vowels or in intervocalic situations, for examplezone, easy. The friction for [s] is powerful. Suggestions; Put the tip and the blade of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge. The air should hit the tongue at the very centre of the teeth ridge. Push the air through the narrowing very quickly, so that the strong friction is heard. For [z] push it more slowly, so that the friction is weaker. Alternate strong and weak friction for [s-z]. Keep the teeth very close together. DIFFERENCES OF THE CONSONANT SOUNDS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Currently it is time to check up some differences between English and Uzbek consonants.[dz] or [ʤ] is a lenis palatal affricate, as in join, gentle, widget, sugar, adjective, grandeur, soldier, Norwich. It is fully voiced in central poses between voiced sounds, as in midget, urgent, agenda, major, and partially or completely devoiced in initial and final positions, as in jam, bridge, cage, range. There are only two affricates in English: [ʧ, ʤ]. In Uzbek we have [ʧ, ʤ]. They are occlusive-constrictives because a totalbarrier to the stream of air is shaped and it is released slowly, with friction, [ʧ, ʤ] are bicentral. They have two contractions, both flat, the second focus being between the front part of the tongue and the hard palate (front secondary focus).
[ʤ] is fully voiced in word initial position before a vowel or in intervocalic position, for exampleJackob, pigeony. In word finishing position it is partially devoiced [ʤ], for example Geography, [tf] is voiceless in all situations. [ʧ, ʤ] are occlusive-constrictive, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar, bicentral; [tf] is powerful and voiceless, [ʧ] is weak and voiced. In word last position it is somewhat devoiced. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue gets in touch with the back piece of the teeth ridge. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate forming the front secondary focus (a flat narrowing). The soft palate is raised 50 that the ureatrris-trapped for a short time (because of the complete obstruction between the tongue-tip and the teeth ridge) then the barrier is released slowly and the friction is heard. The lips are a little rounded. [g] [g] is a velar plosive stop. It is always a solid 'g' as in gazeta newspaper, gapir say, gilam carpet etc. It is never soft. [ğ] - Not exactly a consonant, it rather distinguishes properties of the vowel it follows. When following a member of the 'dark' vowels (a, o, u, ı) it lengthens the vowel, causing it to be held for two beats instead of one. This is not the same as stress, but rather like the difference between 'saw off' and 'soft': the former 'aw' sound is held for twice the time of the latter. When following a member of the 'light' vowels (e, i, u) it becomes a gliding 'i' sound. This letter does not exist in the English alphabet. For example; g’oz – goose, g’amgin – sad.
is a palatal sonorant ("semivowel"), as in yetti, young, onion. It is often found in the cluster [ju:], spelt , as in museum, nephew, beautiful, suitcase. [h] [h] is constrictive fricative, glottal, voiceless. As [h] occurs only in рrе- vocalic positions it is the sound of breath passing between the vocal cords and out of the mouth which is already held really for the following vowel: before [i:j the mouth is in position fur [i:], before [u:] it is ready for [u:] and so on; so there are many [h]-sounds in English because different-types of friction will be heard for it in the sequences [hi:], [ha:], [hu:] and others. Suggestions; In order to make [h]-sounds, hold the mouth ready for the vowel and push a short gasp of breath by the lungs; breathe the air out weakly adding some slight fricative noise to the vowel. [ʃ] , and graphs for [s]. [Ө, ∂] are constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palate-alveolar, bicentral; [Ө] is strong and voiceless, [∂] is weak and voiced, in final position it is partially devoiced. Pronunciation; The tip of the tongue is close to the back part of the teeth ridge forming a flat narrowing. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, forming the front secondary focus, thus palatalizing the sounds. The lips are on the fence or a little rounded. The vocal cords do not vibrate when [Ө] is pronounced, for [∂] they vibrate when it arises before vowels, for examplemeasure. Suggestions; Start from [s], then put the tip of the tongue a bit backwards. Draw the breath inwards to check that the tip is in the right place. Keep this position and then raise the rest of the tongue to say the vowel [i], slightly round the lips and push the breath through strongly. For [Ө] the friction is strong, stronger than for [∂], but less noisy than for [s]. For [∂] the friction is weak.
[∂] is a lenis dental fricative in English. It is fully voiced in word
| medial positions, as in father, breathe, together, and somewhat or entirely devoiced in word-initial and final poses, as in that, theme, north. [θ] is a fortis, voiceless, dental fricative, as in earth, theft.
| Constrictive fricative consonants include four pairs [f, v; Ө; ∂, s, z; ʃʒ] and
They are constrictive because the air passage is constricted and an incomplete obstruction is formed; they are fricative, because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction14. All the fricatives except [ʃʒ] are unicentral. [ʃʒ] are bicentral, because they have two places of articulation or two foci, the second being produced by the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate thus forming a front secondary focus. In the production of fricative consonants the narrowing at the place of articulation is flat. Only when [s, z] are created it is round. [θ, ʒ] are fore-lingual, apical, interdental, articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the upper and the lower teeth; [s, z; θ, ʒ] are forelingual, apical alveolar, generated with the tip of the tongue versus the teeth ridge; [h] is glottal, made in the glottis. [f,Ө, s, ʃ h] are powerful (fortis); [v, ∂, z, ʒ] are weak (lenis). Voicing, [v, ∂, z, ʒ] are completely voiced in word initial location before a vowel as in this, zoo,or in an intervocalic position as in father, bosom, cover. In word last location they are some how devoiced. [f,Ө, s, ʃ h] are voiceless, the vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate. Fricative consonants are oral, the soft palate is moved up and the air goes right through the mouth. [ž]or [ʒ] 14Hooper, Joan Bybee. 1976. An Introduction to Natural Generative Phonology. a few weakly integrated French loanwords, such as jabot, gigue). [η] Pronunciation; The back part of the tongue is pushed to the soft palate.
The soft palate is downed and the air moves right through to the nose. 3.The vocal cords vibrate. Suggestions; Open the jaw widely raise the back of the tongue to the soft palate so that you can easily feel the solid contact of them. Let the air move right through the nose. The tip of the tongue is lower in the mouth. Be sure to keep in this your jaw position. At the end of the sound let it die away into silence with no suggestion of or [g]. [w] [w] is constrictive, medial, bilabial, bicentral. In Uzbek instead of [w] the phoneme [v] is used. Pronunciation; The lips are firmly rounded and slightly protruded forming an partialbarrier. The soft palate is moved up and the air moves right to the mouth. The back part of the tongue is lifted towards the soft palate forming the secondary focus. The sides of the tongue are lifted and the air movesalongthe medial piece of the tongue. The vocal cords vibrate. Suggestions; Make your lips well rounded and even a little protruded forming a round narrowing for the air flow. Let the air go right through to the mouth. Also to continue this we can underline that the difference in the articulation and acoustics of English and Uzbek consonants phonemes may be summed up as follows: The English [ f,v ] are labio-dental fricatives, whereas the Uzbek [ф,в] are bilabial fricatives. They have labio-dental versions in dialects. So Uzbek [в] pronounced in the same way as the English [w], especially in the middle of words. E.g. =овун, совун, шавла, давлат, шавкат, =увват. Uzbek students often substitute [w] for [v]: wine-vine. [ t, d, n, s, z ] also [ l ] are alveolars in English. The corresponding consonants in Uzbek are dentals. The English [ t, d, n ] require apical articulation, while their Uzbek counter-parts are dorsal (dental). The dorsal articulation does not exist in English. The English [ r ] is a post - alveolar fricative, while the uzbek [ p ] is a post- alveolar rolled (thrilled) consonant. The English [ l ] phoneme consists of the main member; the clear alveolar [ l ], used before the vowels and semi-vowel and its positional, also dialectal, versions dark [ l ] which besides being alveolar is also velar.The latter is used before consonants and in word final position. The Uzbek [ л ] is dental consonants. The English [ h ] is pharyngeal. Uzbek has: a)the velar fricative [ x ], b) the pharyngeal fricative [ щ ]. The replacement of [ h ] by [ х ] is a phonemic mistake. The English [h] is weak and there is less friction than in the production of the Uzbek [х]. The English affricates [∫], [t∫] and fricatives [ch] are palato-alveolar, while Uzbek [ ш, ж ] are post-alveolar fricatives and [ ж ] may be palatalised. The English voiceless [ p,n,k,s] are more energetic than the corresponding Uzbek voiceless consonants. In the Uzbek [n, т, к ] there is less aspiration than in the corresponding English voiceless plosives. While the English voiced [ b, l, g, z] are less energetic than the corresponding Uzbek voiced consonants. We regard the jotal combination [й] as a separate phoneme in English. It is not a chance combination, it is very often used and there is a letter in the alphabet to denote it in spelling. According to its first element it may be regarded as a consonants phoneme [c-v] may form phonological opposition with the vowel [u:]. This opposition is an example of vowel-consonant dichotomy de-due (dew), loote- lute. The English [ j ] is a palatal semi-vowel. The Uzbek [й] is a palatal fricative. Comp. yet- eт [йет]. The interdental articulation is unknown in Uzbek. They are extremely difficult for the Uzbek to master. The English sonants [m, l, n] in word-final position are very sonorous and somewhat prolonged before a pause, especially when they are preceded by a short vowel, whereas the corresponding Uzbek sonants are less sonorous in the same position. Comp. Bell, Tom, on; Uzbek:бел, том, он. The English voiced consonants remain voiced in word final position and before voiceless consonants, while the Uzbek voiceless consonants become devoiced in the same position. The Uzbek students of English are apt to make phonologic mistakes: bed-bet, course-cause. Summary It has been hypothesized that sounds which are less perceptible are more likely to be altered than more salient sounds, the rationale being that the loss of information resulting from a change in a sound which is difficult to perceive is not as great as the loss resulting from a change in a more salient sound. There are 24 consonants in the English language. The Uzbek language has also 24 consonant phonemes. There are 13 consonants that are the same in both languages. Among them are [b], [c], [d], [f], [k], [l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [t], [v] and [z]. Consonants are speech sounds in the pronunciation of which noise is heard. The degrees of noise are different. There are consonants in the production of which only noise is heard, there are consonants in the production of which noise and voice are heard, and there are consonants in the production of which voice prevails over noise, but the fact is that noise in different degrees and forms is always present. Consonants do not give periodic voice waves. The consonants should be classified on the following 3 principles: the manner of production the active organs employed in the production the place of production The last division is very important, due to it the principal difference in the formation of consonants in English and of consonants in Uzbek may be clearly shown. The system of English consonants consists of 24 consonants. They are: [p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, l, ng, v, r, s, y, sh, z, х, h, f, j, ch, с, q, g’] Some of the English consonants like [θ] and [ð] have no counterparts in Uzbek. Many consonants have their counterparts in the languages compared, but they differ in their articulation. Download 213,94 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
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Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
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Эшитмадим деманглар
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qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
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faolyatining oqibatlari
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fakulteti ahborot
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chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
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Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha
yuklab olish