Sample 5.1
, challenges him with what might seem to be a question (‘None at all?’)
but is uttered with the intonation of a statement, creating an implicature along the
lines of ‘You simply have no view.’ This is, of course, an altogether more face-
threatening act than the ‘None?’ of the subtitle. It provides an opportunity for
Louis to accuse Stéphane of remaining aloof. The latter employs positive
politeness in suggesting that the contradictory views he has heard are equally
valid. To counter this, Camille employs irony (an off-record strategy listed by
Brown and Levinson 1987:214):
Tout s’annule, c’est ça. On ne peut plus parler de rien.
The expression
c’est ça (‘that’s it’) is a strong signal of the ironic intention,
indicating that the opinion being stated is not sincerely held and that the words
used are intended to mimic or parody another person’s words. In this way,
Camille can strongly implicate that Stéphane’s position is absurd (‘no-one can
talk about anything’). Interestingly, there is another instance of this use of irony
(in a sequence of the conversation not reproduced in
Sample 5.2
) when X,
feeling that he has been accused of being ‘traditional’, exclaims:
La tradition, c’est ça je suis réac! [tradition! that’s it, I’m reactionary]
This utterance is to be compared to the discussion at the end of
Chapter 3
of the
‘hijacked’ discourse. By hijacking the discourse of the political left (
réac is a
ritual term of abuse used to describe anyone with conservative views) and
attaching it ironically to his opponent in argument, X can implicate ‘Your view
is no more than the knee-jerk response of the extremist.’ This use of irony as an
off-record strategy by X and by Camille is scarcely retrievable from the subtitled
versions (‘Tradition? So I’m a reactionary?’ and ‘They cancel each other out, so
we may as well shut up?’).
Our final point concerns the use of personal pronouns. The way in which
speakers exploit personal reference for purposes of positive and negative
politeness is analysed in Stewart (1992) and (1995). In addition to their core
values, some pronouns can be used to refer to other individuals or groups. For
example, ‘you’ can refer to people in general (‘generic reference’, as in ‘On a
clear day, you/one can see the coast of France’). There is no space here for a
complete analysis of pronominal use in
Un coeur en hiver, including, for
example, the mutual use of
tu by most of the friends in the film, contrasting with
the studied
vous of Camille and Stéphane to each other—a feature which, as
noted earlier, the subtitler cannot easily relay. But let us take one significant
instance—the use of the French impersonal pronoun
on (‘one’) by Camille. It is
Stewart’s (1995) insight that speakers exploit the ambiguity of reference of
on
for purposes of face-protection and redressive, action. Camille’s final attack on
Stéphane is a case in point:
78 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR