situation in which, if something has been missed, the reader can always go back
in the text and retrieve it. Now, while users of English and Arabic would no
doubt have access to both the oral and the visual formats, we can assume that the
tendency in English would be more towards the visual, with Arabic leaning
towards the oral. This may explain why some of the problems we have discussed
systematically recur in the work of translators dealing with these two languages.
Contrastive rhetoric can play a vital role in helping us as language users to gain
mastery over target modes of text development, to switch modes with ease and
generally to appreciate the wider socio-cultural implications of thought patterns.
SUMMARY
In this chapter, we have discussed argumentation from the stand-point of
persuasive strategy and the way this is differently handled in different cultures.
The differences are considered to exist both within the same language and
between different languages. Whatever the provenance, these differences have
been found to
reflect deep social divisions, with text type constantly functioning
as a carrier of ideological meaning.
In the text type model adopted in this study, two basic forms of argumentation
are distinguished: through-argumentation and counter-argumentation. Within the
latter, two further forms are identified: the balance (a
however-structure) and the
lopsided (an
although-structure). The aim of this analysis has been to examine
how the use of one or the other argumentative strategy is closely bound up with
pragmatic factors such as politeness, power and truth. Relating such tendencies
to socio-textual norms and practices, and seeing these in terms of the distinction
between oral and visual cultures, our conclusion is that these patterns can and
often do have serious implications for the work of the translator. The insight
should prove instructive not only in the study of the translation process but in
domains as varied as contrastive rhetoric and communication theory.
118 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
Chapter 9
Ideology
Having appreciated the ways in which textual strategy is closely bound up with
cultural beliefs, values and expectations, we now turn our attention to ideology
and the ways in which it impinges upon the work of the translator. Such a
concern is not new. Hermans (1985), Bassnett and Lefevere (1990) offer
evidence of ideology at work in literary translating; Venuti (1995) shows the
considerable consequences of translators’ basic orientations—all reflecting
concerns which have been part of the debate in literary translating for some time.
Our perspective here is somewhat different. In recent decades, studies of
ideology in language have achieved significant progress, through the work of
Fowler and his colleagues (e.g. 1979), Hodge and Kress (1993), Fairclough
(1989) and others. The insights provided by these studies advance our
understanding of the way ideology shapes discourse and the way discourse
practices help to maintain, reinforce or challenge ideologies. It is these insights
which we seek to bring to bear on our study of the translator as communicator. In
doing so, we hope to provide evidence of the ideological consequences of
translators’ choices and to show the linguistic minutiae of text-worlds in
transition.
A fundamental distinction needs to be made from the outset. What follows is
divided into (1) the ideology of translating and (2) the translation of ideology.
That these two issues are closely related will be apparent to anyone who has, for
example, reviewed the practice of (official) translators under totalitarian regimes.
The extent of the translator’s mediation is itself an ideological issue, affecting both
(1) and (2). But whereas the major focus has hitherto been on the translator’s
basic orientations, we propose to pay more attention to charting the ways in
which a text-world is or is not relayed to text receivers operating in a different
cultural and linguistic environment, (whether the translator’s intervention be
consciously directed or unconsciously filtered).
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