Style-shifting
Within sociolinguistics, the phenomena of code-switching (the use of two
separate languages or dialects in one speech event) and style-shifting (the use of
distinct speech styles in one speech event) are amply documented and the
hypothesis is advanced that such switching is never random.
9
Style-shifting
enables speakers, among other things, to exploit the variables of power and
distance, playing on aspects of their relationship with their addressees. In
Sample 9.1
, there are clear indications of variation of tenor, with colloquial
expression intruding into an otherwise fairly sustained formal tenor. Compare for
example the formal tenor implied by the use of:
turned the candle of their
existence into a luminous pearl; denizens of paradise; ossified; petrifaction, etc.
with the markedly colloquial: …
that the hands of the genuine clergy…are in this
same pot and:
there seemed to be something fishy about a clergyman who…. In
this way, Khomeini is able to signal at one and the same time the authority of a
head of state (power variable) and close identification with his addressees
through the use of colloquialism (distance variable—cf.
our dear seminary
students). Whereas many translators might be tempted to opt for a more uniform
target language tenor, this style-shifting has been relayed in the translation in
Sample 9.1
.
Having commented on genre and discourse features in
Sample 9.1
, let us
briefly look at the signals which realize text, in the sense of a particular
structural format serving a particular rhetorical purpose (narrating, arguing, etc.).
Here, the emphasis is on evaluation and argumentation prevails. Now, in
Chapter 8
it was seen that the norms of argumentation in Western languages such
as English differ from those which are prevalent in such Eastern languages as
Arabic and Farsi. The lexical token ‘Of course’ is conventionally associated with
text-initial concession in English but its token-for-token equivalent in these other
languages often introduces not a concession to be countered but a case to be
argued through. Thus, for the English-language reader, the element:
Of course
this does not mean that we should defend all clergymen…sets up an expectation
that a counter-argument will follow, along the lines of ‘However, we should
defend some of them…’. No such pattern is forthcoming in
Sample 9.1
because
what is involved here is a through-argument. The contrast between the ‘genuine
clergy’ and the ‘pseudo-clergy’ is indeed present throughout the text but the
signal to the reader indicated by
Of course runs counter to expectations and
sends target text readers down the wrong path in their construction of the text
world. A signal which relays the intended format might be something like:
‘Under no circumstances does this mean that we should defend…’
Thus, in
Sample 9.1
, the strategy of minimal mediation relays features of
genre and discourse intact from source text to target text reader. In the case of
text, however, the unmediated transfer of structural signals may, in fact, prove
misleading and some adjustment proves to be necessary. Before commenting on
the plausible purposes of the translator and the relay of intended effects, let us
126 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
now, by way of contrast, look at an instance of maximal mediation to see the
consequences of this opposite translation strategy.
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