textual practices of communities of text users.
3
As we have already hinted, by
Figure 2.1 Scene set and expanded
A MODEL OF ANALYSING TEXTS 15
the way
Sample 2.1
develops (
Figure 2.1
) we recognize it as an instance of
predominantly detached exposition and not, say, committed argumentation.
Seeing intertextuality at work in this way now enables us to formulate our
third assumption:
Assumption 3
Values yielded by top-down analysis tend to cross-fertilize with features
identified in bottom-up analysis. Together, these regulate the way texts come to
do what they are intended to do. As part of this process, intertextuality is a semiotic
parameter exploited by text users, which draws on the socio-cultural significance
a given occurrence might carry, as well as on recognizable socio-textual
practices (texts, discourses and genres).
Now, text users have intentions and, in order to indicate whether a text is of
this or that type, or whether a given text element invokes this or that socio-
cultural concept, a text producer will engage with another contextual criterion,
known as intentionality. Taken out of context, a particular sequence of sounds,
words or sentences is often neutral as to its intertextual potential. Intended
meaning materializes only when pragmatic considerations are brought to bear
on what the text producer does with words and what it is hoped the text receiver
accepts. For example, an intertextual reference to ‘Canute’ is in itself static and
may at best yield values such as ‘he was the king who, in his arrogance, claimed
he could order the tide not to come in’. However, the way the reference is made
on a particular occasion by a pro-Conservative British newspaper, the Daily
Mail, in a non-neutral piece of reporting headlined ‘Canute Kinnock’, the term
takes on added values such as ‘the newly-elected Labour Party leader is unfit to
govern’. Does it not then become a matter of who utters what and for what purpose?
Intentionality can be seen in both highly abstract and relatively concrete
terms. At a fairly high level of abstraction, intentionality involves the text
producer’s attitude that the text in hand should constitute a cohesive and
coherent whole and that it should intertextually link up with a set of socio-textual
conventions recognizable by a given community of text users. For example, the
producer of
Sample 2.1
has made sure that sufficient cues are provided not only
to show that the text hangs together but that it also serves a particular text-type
focus (i.e. detached exposition):
X himself sent…; and γ wrote…Z also left.
These cohesion and coherence relations are part of overall intentionality. At a
more concrete level of analysis, on the other hand, intentionality comprises a set
of goals (e.g. to assert, to substantiate, etc.). These may be achieved locally by
relaying intended meanings or globally by contributing to the mutual dependence
of the various intentions within an overall plan of the entire text. In fact, it is the
overall plan, seen within the socio-textual practices of a given community of text
16 THE TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
users, that is the primary driving force in the act of signification. The text
producer consistently seeks not only to indicate the relevant socio-cultural values
which the text is intended to represent (pre-Columbian, Indians), but also, and
perhaps more significantly, to define the socio-textual focus of the text as a
whole (detached exposition).
Casting this in procedural terms, we can now formulate our fourth assumption,
thus:
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