The tashkent state agrarian university

THE TASHKENT STATE
AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY
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Tashkent-2022

What Is Weather?

• Weather is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere. Weather is different in different parts of the world and changes over minutes, hours, days and weeks. Most weather happens in the troposphere, the part of Earth’s atmosphere that is closest to the ground. Rain and dull clouds, windy blue skies, cold snow, and sticky heat are very different conditions, yet they are all weather.

What is Climate ?

• Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change.

What Makes Weather

• There are six main components, or parts, of weather. They are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. Together, these components describe the weather at any given time. These changing components, along with the knowledge of atmospheric processes, help meteorologists—scientists who study weather—forecast what the weather will be in the near future.
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer and refers to how hot or cold the atmosphere is. Meteorologists report temperature two ways: in Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F).
• Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere overhead. Changes in atmospheric pressure signal shifts in the weather. A high-pressure system usually brings cool temperatures and clear skies. A low-pressure system can bring warmer weather, storms, and rain.
• Wind can be influenced by human activity. Chicago, Illinois, is nicknamed the “Windy City.” After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed the city, city planners rebuilt it using a grid system.
• Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is a gas in the atmosphere that helps make clouds, rain, or snow. Humidity is usually expressed as relative humidity, or the percentage of the maximum amount of water air can hold at a given temperature.
• Clouds come in a variety of forms. Not all of them produce precipitation. Wispy cirrus clouds, for example, usually signal mild weather. Other kinds of clouds can bring rain or snow.

Climate System

• Different parts of the world have different climates. Some parts of the world are hot and rainy nearly every day. They have a tropical wet climate. Others are cold and snow-covered most of the year. They have a polar climate. Between the icy poles and the steamy tropics are many other climates that contribute to Earth’s biodiversity and geologic heritage. Climate is determined by a region’s climate system. A climate system has five major components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the land surface, and the biosphere.
• The atmosphere is the most variable part of the climate system
• Changes to the hydrosphere, which include variations in temperature and salinity, occur at much slower rates than changes to the atmosphere.
• The cryosphere is another generally consistent part of the climate system. The cryosphere also helps regulate thermohaline circulation.
• The biosphere, the sum total of living things on Earth, profoundly influences climate.

Average surface air temperatures from 2011 to 2021 compared to the 1956–1976 average
Change in average surface air temperature since the industrial revolution, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.

Climate Classification

• In 1948, American climatologist Charles Thornthwaite developed a climate classification system that scientists still use today. Thornthwaite’s system relies on a region’s water budget and potential evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration describes the amount of water evaporated from a vegetated piece of land.
• The most popular system of classifying climates was proposed in 1900 by Russian-German scientist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen observed that the type of vegetation in a region depended largely on climate. According to the Köppen climate classification system, there are five climate groups: tropical, dry, mild, continental, and polar. These climate groups are further divided into climate types. The following list shows the climate groups and their types:

Tropical

• Wet (rainforest)
• Monsoon
• Wet and dry (savanna)

Polar

• Tundra
• Ice cap

Dry

• Arid
• Semiarid

Mild

• Mediterranean
• Humid subtropical
• Marine

Continental

• Warm summer
• Cool summer
• Subarctic (boreal)

In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.
This map shows the tracks of all Tropical cyclones which formed worldwide from 1985 to 2005. The points show the locations of the storms at six-hourly intervals and use the color scheme shown to the right from the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. However, remnants of the storms are not shown as triangles