The subject of linguistic typology, branches

7. Typological characteristics of consonants in Eng. & Rus. The most common mistakes in articulating.

Consonants are pronounced when there’s some stoppage on the way of the stream of air, passing through organs pf speech.

Consonants are divided according to their: - manner of articulation, - place of articulation.
They may be explosive if there’s some block which is on the way of the air (p,t,k).
In both lang-s there are: - fricatives like (s, sh); - sonorants if the stream of the air passes through nasal cavity (m,n, in both lang-s); - glottal cons-ts (g); - rolled sounds (р – in Rus.); - lateral (боковой звук) - when the stream of air passes through on both sides of the tongue.
They may be soft or hard (Л – Л’ Rus)
Aspirates – that are pronounced with aspiration.
Consonants: - voiced (b,d,g); - voiceless (p,t,k)
Sounds ƞ w th h have no counterparts in Rus. that’s the reason of typical mistakes.
Palatalisation in eng is not necessarily.
absence of aspiration.

9. Typological characteristics of stress and intonation in Eng. & Rus.

Stress – pronunciation of one of the syllables with greater intensity. In different lang-s stress may be – fixed (falls on the same syllable in every word of the languages) or free. In Rus. stress may fall on any syllable of the word. It may change if we change a part of speech. In Eng. there are sometimes secondary stress (typical of Eng, but not Rus. e.g. underground).
Intonation is a complex phenomenon which is characterized by stress, melody, and pauses.
The main component is melody. It may be: - falling, rising, even (smooth ровный).
The main unit of intonation is sintagm which is characterized by a certain melody. Sintagms with falling tones are characteristic of statements in both lang-s. (he came , он пришел).
Sintagms with rising tone are for unfinished sentences, special questions in eng., In rus in sentences beginning with (разве).
Even tone is used in both lang-s in introductory sentences which follow direct speech. (I will return soon, said he quietly).
In Eng, stress and intonation are very important when stress may change one part of speech into another. (‘convict – con’vict). In Rus. stress changes the meaning of a word and grammatical categories.