The subject of linguistic typology, branches

11. Types of morphemes in Rus & Eng.

The main unit of morphological system is a morpheme. It’s a part of a word with grammatical or lexical meaning. Lexical meanings are typical of morphemes, the main unchangeable part. Except the root there suffixes prefixes. We may speak about the steam if we add affixes to the root.

Flexions usually have gramm. meanings, affixation is typical of the majority of lang-s. Some lan-s. use more prefixes (in Rus. prefixes are more typical of verbs and suffixes in nouns).
There are aome common points in eng an rus suffixes from the point of view of their origin.
Some suffixes used to be separate words before they became morphemes (hood, dome,) крестьянин – Янин, Анин – they used to be pronouns.
Many suffixes were borrowed from latin and greek. (ism-ist, extra,multy, poly).
In the process of the historical development the morphological structure may be changed. Богородицкий called this fact опрощение (simplification), decomposition – переразложение.
Simplification is a gramm. process in the result of which a compound word loses the independent meaning of its component parts and they are excepted as a single morpheme. (in Rus. в-кус originally two morphemes, but now no prefix) (husband = house + bond simplification). Simplification is typical of borrowed words.
Decomposition когда границы м/д морфемами меняются нес/е – те.
13. Grammatical and typological categories.

Historically take its origine from ancient Indian grammar by Panini. He described his native lang. Sanskrit. He was the 1^st to put a sharp dividing line btw words and nouns. This idea of classification was developed by ancient greek philosopher Aristotle.

When describing any gramm. struct. he described 3 genders. If there was an opposition they described grammat. category.

cat(unmarked) – cats (marked)

Typological categories differ from grammatical. We may speak about typological category even if it is not expressed morphologically.
Typ. cat is : - inter language; - inter level; - inter class