The stylistics of language is a relatively new branch of linguistics, which deals with the study of speech styles, stylistic techniques and expressive means of language in their relation to the expressed content

introduction
The stylistics of language is a relatively new branch of linguistics, which deals with the study of speech styles, stylistic techniques and expressive means of language in their relation to the expressed content.
This discipline develops the skills of thoughtful reading, provides a basis for the development of artistic taste, contributes to the normalization of language and helps to speak and write well and expressively.
Stylistics studies the expressive resources of the vocabulary of a language, studies all possible stylistic implications, the principles of the use of words and combinations of words in their expressive function.
Modern linguistics and language theory has a number of theoretical works covering various aspects of the expressive means of the English language.
The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficiency of studying this problem. Lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques are mainly considered as a single tool in the hands of the author, the differentiation of these concepts is given only in passing, there is no clear line between these terms. Moreover, classifications of expressive means and stylistic techniques developed by different researchers include related phenomena and concepts, but are given from different positions, levels and complicate their perception.
The problem of this study is a clear distinction between the mentioned stylistic phenomena - what are lexical expressive means, and what are lexical stylistic techniques. It is also necessary to resolve the contradictions between different approaches to the classification of these concepts and to define a clear list of lexical means and stylistic techniques - what are the lexical expressive means, and what are the lexical stylistic techniques. To identify lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques in an English-language story.
The purpose of the study is to study and systematize lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, to identify the difference between these phenomena, to determine lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, as well as their functional significance in the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece".
The object of this research is linguistic stylistics, which studies the expressive means of language.
The subject of this study is lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, and their functions in the text.
Hypothesis - metaphor as a stylistic device is used in a literary text as often as as a lexical means of expression.
In the course of this study, we have set the following tasks:
to study the material on the problem of differentiation of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques of the modern English language;
systematize the various classifications of the above-mentioned stylistic phenomena;
make a summary table of stylistic phenomena and theoretically substantiate it;
to explore lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques in the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece".

The methodological basis of the study is the Roman rhetorical system, the classification of expressive means by G.Lich, I.R. Galperin, with a level-oriented approach, Yu.M. Skrebnev, with the division of stylistics into paradigmatic and syntagmatic.

In carrying out this work, theoretical and empirical research methods were used:
study of literature on the problem;
analysis of the obtained results and systematization of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques;
theoretical substantiation of the information obtained using examples from the work of the English author Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece".
The theoretical significance of the study of the work is determined by the fact that the study of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques of the modern English language allows to expand theoretical ideas on this problem, contributes to the enrichment of data on the stylistics of the English language and the theory and linguistics of the language as a whole.
The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using research materials by students of linguistic departments during preparation for seminars, and a summary table of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques can become a useful visual aid in the linguistic analysis of a literary text.
The element of novelty is represented in the generalization of knowledge about lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, in drawing the boundary between these phenomena, their systematization and demonstration in the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece".
The structure of the work is determined by the logic of solving the tasks. The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. There are tabular materials in the work.
The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research, formulates the purpose and main objectives of the work, puts forward a hypothesis, reveals its practical significance.
In the first chapter of the study - "The problem of distinguishing lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques" - we define expressive means and stylistic techniques, identify the difference between them, and describe lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques based on the studied classifications.
The second chapter - "Stylistic functioning of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques in the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece"" demonstrates lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, and their functions.
At the end of the course work, the most important conclusions and generalizations on the topic under study are presented.
In the course of this study, 22 sources were used, including 3 foreign ones.
The appendix contains the table "Expressive means and stylistic techniques".
CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM OF DISTINGUISHING LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES
In linguistics, the following terms are very often used: expressive means of language, expressive means of language, stylistic means, stylistic techniques, tropes, figures of speech. These terms are sometimes used synonymously, sometimes they have different contents.
Dictionary images began to be studied by ancient Indian philosophers, they called them ornaments of speech, which were divided into paths and figures. This classification is called ancient or traditional. The trope is the likening of one object to another, followed by the transfer of meaning based on generalized concepts of quantity, quality, similarity and opposites. The figure of speech is a means of giving imagery and expressiveness to speech.
Later, scientists picked up this division, and such a distinction was called functional classification. In accordance with it, linguistic means are divided into pictorial and expressive. Pictorial means of language (tropes) are all kinds of figurative use of words, phrases and phonemes. Expressive means (figures of speech) do not create images, but increase the expressiveness of speech. [13, p. 74]
The modern classification of Yu.M. Skrebnev gives these concepts a new interpretation: paradigmatic and syntagmatic means. Paradigmatic means (pictorial) are based on the association of words and expressions chosen by the author with other words that are close to them in meaning and therefore potentially possible, but not represented in the text, in relation to which they are preferred. Syntagmatic means (expressive) are based on the linear arrangement of parts and their effect depends on the location. This division is conditional, since both phenomena participate in the creation of imagery, in the image and perform an expressive function.
I. R. Galperin's level-oriented classification divides linguistic means into lexical, syntactic and phonetic.
In addition to these classifications, there is a widespread division into expressive means of language and stylistic techniques with the division of language means into neutral, expressive and stylistic. It is difficult to draw a clear line between expressive (expressive) means of language and stylistic techniques of language, although there are still differences between them. [1, p. 89]
1.1 Lexical means of expression
By expressive means of language, we understand such morphological, syntactic and word-forming forms of language that serve for emotional or logical reinforcement of speech. These forms of language have been worked out by public practice, realized from the point of view of their functional purpose and fixed in grammars and dictionaries. Their use is gradually normalizing. Rules for the use of such expressive means of language are being developed.
All stylistic techniques belong to expressive means, but not all expressive means are stylistic techniques.
According to I.R. Galperin's classification, expressive means and stylistic techniques are divided into 3 large groups: phonetic, lexical and syntactic.
Lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques are divided into 3 subsections, interacting with the semantic nature of the word, but presenting different criteria for the choice of means and different semantic processes. [21, p. 106]
The first subsection has 4 groups:
A) the means are based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings:
metaphor - a hidden comparison carried out by applying the name of one object to another and thus revealing some important feature of the second, is based on an association by similarity (A mighty Fortress is our God).
A metaphor expressed in one way is called simple. A detailed or expanded metaphor consists of several metaphorically used words that create a single image, i.e. from a number of interconnected and complementary simple metaphors that enhance the motivation of the image. The function of expanded metaphors is the vagueness and vagueness of the created image in order to revive the imagery that has already been erased or is beginning to fade, as well as a way to accurately reflect reality in artistic terms.
Metaphors can also be speech and language. The speech metaphor (stylistic device) is original, fresh, is usually a way of accurately displaying reality in artistic terms and always gives some kind of evaluative moment to the utterance. The linguistic metaphor (expressive means of language), petrified with erased imagery, acquires a tinge of clampedness (the ray of hope, floods of tears, storm of indignation, flight of fancy, gleam of mirth, shadow of a smile). Their use is habitual.
A metaphor can be plot / compositional, it is implemented at the level of the entire text. In George Updike's novel, the myth of Chiron the centaur is used to depict the life of a provincial American teacher Caldwell. The parallel with the centaur raises the image of a modest school teacher to a symbol of humanity, kindness and nobility.
The national metaphor is characteristic of a certain nation: the English word bear, in addition to the literal meaning of "bear", also has a slang meaning - "policeman", here it will be appropriate to recall that in the mythology of the Germanic tribes, the bear is a symbol of order.
Traditional metaphors are metaphors that are generally accepted in any period or in any literary direction. Thus, English poets, describing the appearance of beauties, widely used such traditional, constant metaphorical epithets as pearly teeth, coral lips, ivory neck, hair of golden wire;
metonymy is a trope based on association by contiguity. It consists in the fact that instead of the name of one item, the name of another is used, associated with the first permanent internal or external connection (wealth for rich people). This connection can be between the object and the material from which it is made; between the place and the people who are in it; between the process and its result; between the action and the tool, etc. The peculiarities of metonymy in comparison with metaphor are that metonymy, creating an image, preserves it when deciphering the image, while in metaphor deciphering the image actually destroys, destroys this image. Metonymy is usually used in the same way as metaphor, in order to figuratively depict the facts of reality, create sensual, visually more tangible representations of the phenomenon being described, gives expressiveness. It can simultaneously reveal the subjective and evaluative attitude of the author to the described phenomenon. [7 , p. 129]
Metonymy can be national /customary (crown-royal power, sword-a symbol of war, plough-world labor), linguistic /dead - common names turn into their own (mackintosh, sandwich) and speech - "until the grave I could not forget her face" - death.
irony is the expression of ridicule by using a word in a meaning directly opposite to its main meaning, and with directly opposite connotations, mock praise, behind which in reality there is censure, these two meanings are actually mutually exclusive of each other. Irony does not necessarily cause laughter, on the contrary, a feeling of irritation, discontent, regret can also be expressed. The main function of irony is to evoke a humorous attitude to the reported facts and phenomena. The true meaning is veiled by the literal or contradicts it. Irony is based on contrast. (It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in the pocket.)
B) words are based on the interaction of initial and derived meanings:
polysemy (polysemy) - the presence of more than one meaning in a language;
Zeugma is a figure of linguistic comedy. It syntactically combines two semantically incompatible members of a sentence. Most often, the supporting element of such a construction acts both as an element of a phraseological phrase and as an element of a free phrase (He lost his hat and his temper); [2, p. 379]
a pun is a figure of speech when two meanings of the same word or two similar-sounding words are used in the same context. The meaning of this phenomenon is to create a comic effect or as a rhyme (I'll beat you - by the roll).
C) the group compares means based on the opposite of logical and emotional meanings:

interjections are a characteristic feature of which is expressiveness. They express the feelings of the speaker through the corresponding concepts, are expressive means of language. Their function is emotional emphase.

exclamation words - pronouns, adverbs, expressive statements;
an epithet is an expressive means based on the allocation of a quality, a sign of the phenomenon being described, which is formed in the form of attributive words or phrases that characterize this phenomenon from the point of view of individual perception of this phenomenon. An epithet is always subjective, it always has an emotional meaning or emotional coloring. The emotional meaning in the epithet can accompany the subject-logical meaning, or exist as the only meaning in the word. The epithet is considered by many researchers as the main means of asserting an individual, subjective-evaluative attitude to the described phenomenon. By means of an epithet, the desired reaction to the statement from the reader is achieved. In English, as in other languages, the frequent use of epithets with specific definables creates stable combinations. Such combinations are gradually phraseologized, i.e. they turn into phraseological units. Epithets seem to be attached to certain words. The main stylistic function is to identify the author's individual-evaluative attitude to the subject of thought, which brings expressiveness.
Epithets can also be divided into language (permanent) (green wood, salt tears, true love), speech (the smiling sun, the frowning cloud, the sleepless pillow), epithets with inversion (this devil of a woman instead of this devilish woman); [22, p. 137]
an oxymoron or oxymoron is a trope consisting of a combination of two words contrasting in meaning (usually containing antonymous semes), revealing the inconsistency of the described. It is based on semantic incongruity: low skyscraper, sweet sorrow, nice rascal, pleasantly ugly face, horribly beautiful.
E) the group is based on the interaction of logical and nominal values:
antonomasia (renaming) this is one of the special cases of metonymy, which is based on the relationship of the place where an event occurred and the event itself, a person known for an act, activity and the act itself, activity.
Antonomasia is also divided into language and speech. Antonomasia is the transition of a proper name into a common noun (Don Juan), or the transformation of a word that reveals the essence of the character into the proper name of the character He is a Sheilock. (stingy), or replacing a proper name with a name associated with a given type of event or object.
The second subsection is based on the interaction between two lexical meanings that are simultaneously implemented in the context:
comparison - two concepts, usually belonging to different classes of phenomena, are compared with each other by any one of the features, and this comparison receives a formal expression in the form of words such as: as, such as, as if, like, seem, etc.; [7, p. 157]
periphrasis defines the concept in a new way, acting as a synonymous turnover in relation to the previously existing word - designation of this concept, in the form of a free phrase or a whole sentence, it replaces the name of the corresponding object or phenomenon.
The original periphrasis usually highlights one of the features of the phenomena, which seems to be characteristic, essential in this particular case. Such a selection of a new feature of the described phenomenon simultaneously shows the subjective attitude of the author to the described. Traditional periphrases are those that are understandable even without the appropriate context, i.e., for disclosure, the meaning of which does not require an explanatory text.
Speech periphrases are used differently in different styles of speech and have a variety of stylistic functions.
One of the functions of the periphrasis, which has created this stylistic device a bad name, is the function of giving sublimity, solemn elation of speech.
Periphrases can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical periphrases are those that, highlighting some feature of the subject, defining the concept in a new way, do not have any image at their core (the instruments of destruction). The figurative periphrasis is based on metaphor or metonymy.
His stylistic functions: figurative characterization in meta-speech (jealousy- green eyed monster); pathos of speech, elation (the victory lord); creation of a comic effect (scissors- the fatal).
euphemisms are words and expressions that are used instead of synonymous words and expressions. These are words and phrases that appear in the language to denote concepts that already have names, but are considered unpleasant, rude, indecent or low for some reason. They are in the vocabulary of the language and are synonyms of words that previously denoted these concepts.
Functions of euphemisms: mitigation of negative evaluation; evasive, veiled expression of an unpleasant concept (I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother. (I.Shaw)); expression of irony and creating a comic effect (an old lady - a lady with doubtful age); political correctness (mentally retarded - a person with learning disabilities);
hyperbole is an artistic technique of exaggeration, and such an exaggeration, which, from the point of view of the real possibilities of the realization of thought, seems doubtful or simply incredible. [22 , p. 149]
It is based on a metaphor (The man was like the Rock of Gibraltar.) There are hyperboles:
erased/conventional: (havent seen for ages, told you 40 times) (expressive means); 2) speech: (writing desk was a size of a tennis court);
meiosis (understatement) - there is an understatement of what is really large (The wind is rather strong. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button.) This is a manifestation of restraint, politeness, which is very typical for the British. [12, p. 83]
litota - (a kind of meiosis) - a statement through the negation of the opposite idea (not bad - very good. Her face was not unpretty.);
allegory is the expression of an abstract idea in a detailed artistic image with the development of the situation and the plot;
personification (a subtype of allegory) is called a trope, which consists in transferring the properties of a person to abstract concepts and inanimate objects, which manifests itself in the valence characteristic of nouns - names of a person. This means that words so used can be replaced by pronouns he and she, used in the form of the possessive case and combined with verbs of speech, thinking, desire and other designations of actions and states peculiar to people. Sometimes the impersonation is marked with a capital letter.
The third subsection compares stable combinations of words in their interaction with the context:
cliche - a standard stable turn of speech with frequent reproducibility (to believe corrected); [16, p. 147]

proverbs are a combination of words that expresses a complete judgment;

sayings are a combination of words that expresses a concept, i.e. it has only a nominative function;
the maxim is the same proverb, but created not by the people, but by some individual representative of it - a writer, a thinker;
quotes - an exact reproduction of a segment of a text;
allusions - references to historical, literary, mythological, biblical and everyday facts;
the disorder of stable phrases.
The selection of expressive means of the English language has not yet been sufficiently carried out, and the analysis of these means is far from complete. There is still a lot of uncertainty here, since the criteria for selection and analysis have not yet been established. [14 , p. 123]
1.2 Stylistic techniques
Stylistic technique is understood as a method of intentional and conscious reinforcement of a typical structural or semantic feature of a linguistic unit, enhancing its expressiveness, achieving generalization and typification and thus becoming a generative model. [7, p. 30]
The stylistic device, first of all, is distinguished and thereby contrasted with the expressive means by the conscious literary processing of the linguistic fact.
The stylistic device, being a generalization, typification, condensation of objectively existing means in the language, is not a naturalistic reproduction of these means, but transforms them qualitatively.
The essence of a stylistic device cannot consist in a deviation from commonly used norms, since in this case a truly stylistic means would be opposed to a linguistic norm. In fact, stylistic techniques use the norm of language, but in the process of using it, they take the most characteristic features of this norm. [11, p. 17]
In accordance with the linguistic nature and functions of the expressive means of language and stylistic techniques, I.R. Galperin divides them into several groups.
A) Stylistic use of different types of lexical meanings:
) Stylistic techniques based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual subject-logical meanings:
a) relationships based on similarity of features (metaphor),
b) relations by contiguity of concepts (metonymy),
c) relations based on the direct and reverse meaning of the word (irony);
) Stylistic techniques based on the interaction of subject-logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia and its varieties;
) Stylistic techniques based on the interaction of subject-logical and emotional meanings: epithet, oxymoron, interjections, hyperbole;
) stylistic techniques based on the interaction of basic and derived subject-logical meanings: zeugma, phraseological fusion.
B) Stylistic methods of describing phenomena and objects: periphrases, euphemisms, comparison.

C) Stylistic use of phraseological units: sayings, proverbs, allusions, maxims, quotations. [7, p. 175]

Lexical expressive means - means that function in the language for the emotional intensification of utterance,
they are used to enhance the expressiveness of the utterance, they are not related to the figurative meanings of the word. Such forms of language serve to emotionally or logically enhance speech. They have been worked out by public practice, are realized from the point of view of their functional purpose and are fixed in grammars and dictionaries. Their use is gradually normalizing. Rules for the use of such expressive means of language are being developed.
Expressive means have a greater degree of predictability compared to stylistic techniques.
Stylistics studies expressive means from the point of view of their use in different styles of speech, polyfunctionality, potential possibilities of use as a stylistic device.
Stylistic technique is the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, including expressive means, it is limited to one level of language. Being a generalization, typification, condensation of objectively existing means in the language, it is not a naturalistic reproduction of these means, but transforms them qualitatively.
Such a stylistic phenomenon is the property of the author's individual artistic style, the creative application of the method of naming phenomena inherent in the language.
This is a way of organizing an utterance that enhances its expressiveness.
Stylistic techniques are created based on the typification of the expressive means of the language.
All stylistic techniques belong to expressive means, but not all expressive means are stylistic techniques.
According to I.R. Galperin's classification, lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques are divided into 3 subsections, interacting with the semantic nature of the word, but presenting different criteria for choosing means and different semantic processes.
The first subsection has 4 groups:
A) the means are based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings: metaphor, metonymy, irony;
B) words are based on the interaction of initial and derived meanings: polysemy, zeugma, pun;
C) the group compares means based on the opposite of logical and emotional meanings: interjections; exclamation words, epithet, oxymoron or oxymoron;
E) the group is based on the interaction of logical and nominal values: antonomasia.
The second subsection is based on the interaction between two lexical meanings that are simultaneously translated into context: comparison, periphrasis, euphemisms, meiosis, litota, allegory, personification.
The third subsection compares stable combinations of words in their interaction with the context: cliches, proverbs, sayings, maxims, quotations, allusions, discord of stable phrases.
We have systematized lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques and summarized them in a table, which is presented by us in the appendix.
CHAPTER 2. STYLISTIC FUNCTIONING OF LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES IN THE WORK OF JOYCE CAREY LANEL "PERIOD PIECE"

Familiarity with the best examples of English poetry and prose, the ability to thoughtfully read and understand fiction in the unity of content and form contribute to the comprehensive holistic development of personality, the formation of the spiritual world of a person, the creation of conditions for the formation of his inner need for continuous improvement, in the realization of his creative abilities.

In this regard, it is necessary to pay great attention to developing a deep understanding of a work of art and instilling the skills of its independent analysis.
The linguistic analysis of a literary text is aimed at studying the linguistic forms that contribute to the organization and connection in it. [9, p. 102]
His main task is to study the techniques of the author's use of linguistic means to achieve his goals, emotional and expressive impact on the reader.
In the process of linguistic analysis of a literary text, separate stylistic techniques and expressive means are distinguished.
In order to analyze in more detail and more accurately understand these stylistic phenomena, we will consider the work of the English author Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece" based on the table "lexical expressive means stylistic techniques" developed by us, thereby giving it a theoretical justification.
We will start with a metaphor, which is the most common lexical means of expression. This is a word or expression that is used figuratively on the basis of the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to the comparison, which gives both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and imagery of the use of the word. [8, p. 147]
He did not forget for a moment, he said, the danger to them of a broken home. The given example is a simple speech metaphor and accurately reflects the reality in artistic terms - the tragedy in the family. This speech metaphor is a stylistic device, as it has a kind of new quality and becomes a conditional means of expression.
… Tutin caught his breath and gathered his nerve… In this sentence, we are provided with simple language metaphors that express the intensity of the protagonist's feelings. These expressions are lexical expressive means, as they are often used in speech and do not carry the individual artistic flavor of the author. They accurately reflect the inner state of the hero. [15, p. 80]
For she flew at him. The mentioned metaphor is also an expressive means, because its use is habitual. She gives an unforgettable vivid description of the scene.
The divorce went forward, and Mrs. Bear, defeated again, trailed back to her bears den in the northern wilds. This example of a metaphor is considered a lexical stylistic turn, since it was invented by the author to convey the attitude of the protagonist to the antagonist, his arrogance.
He thanks his lucky stars for a notable escape. This simple linguistic metaphor is an expressive means that figuratively conveys the assessment and feelings of the hero in solving his problem. This example is often used in colloquial and artistic style of speech.
The above examples of metaphor in a work of art prove to us the frequency of using this phenomenon, both as a lexical expressive means and as a stylistic device. After all, the authors want to make their works unforgettable, interesting from all points of view, and the stylistic technique is an excellent artistic tool for this creation. Thus, the hypothesis - metaphor as a stylistic device is also often used in works of art, as well as in the form of an expressive means - is confirmed. [5, p. 47]
Next, we draw our attention to such a stylistic tool as irony. The work that we took for analysis is saturated with this phenomenon, because the author of the story - Carey Arthur Joyce Lanel is known for his remarkable skill in creating a high comic effect and the following examples are proof of this. [15, p. 180]
Irony is the use of a word or utterance in the opposite sense of the direct. Irony is a kind of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment.
The new secretary, on promotion from the general office, was a widow of fifty, Mrs. Bateman, with a dark moustache and a strong cast in one eye. Phyllis had chosen her as a thoroughly reliable person. This example of irony causes a humorous attitude to what the new secretary of the protagonist looks like. This was done in order to identify the negative attitude of the author to the new wife of the hero.
Phyllis considered that, as the future Mrs. Tutin, it was absolutely necessary to her to have a mink coat. Tutin was not yet convinced of the absolute necessity. Here the author reveals the low essence of a young woman in an ironic form.
A kind of irony is sarcasm - evil irony, sarcastic mockery.
Did she really suppose that people had not changed in the last half-century, or realize that what might have been sense for her contemporaries in the 1890s, before psychology was even invented, was now a little out of date? In this example, we feel very well the sarcastic mockery of the protagonist to his mother-in-law.
Next, we will consider an example of personification in a story, which is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. [18, p. 194]
After all, most of his happiness was in his home, and it was a very considerable happiness. How and when it had begun to reestablish itself he could not tell. He had not noticed its arrival. With this stylistic means, the author wants to show us that the hero has finally realized his happiness.
A very common stylistic technique is comparison, when two concepts, usually belonging to different classes of phenomena, are compared with each other by any one of the features, and this comparison receives formal expression in the form of words such as: as, such as, as if, like, seem and others. [4 , p. 109]
… Mrs. Bear comes charging in like some palaeolithic monster, hopelessly thick-skinned, brutal, insensitive. Such a powerful comparison characterizes the antagonist very accurately and makes it clear his relationship with the protagonist.
The angry red of her cheeks is now the shiny russet of a country child ,s, and its look of the defeated but still truculent pug has turned gradually to a look of patient surprise. This comparison very beautifully and accurately depicted the appearance of the heroine.
Now we will consider such a figure of speech as zeugma, where two semantically incompatible members of a sentence are combined.
… and only one kind of marriage, with no problems except the cooks temper, the drains or, in extreme cases, the monthly bills. The real figure creates a comic effect to convey the protagonist's arrogant attitude towards his mother-in-law.
The next expressive phenomenon is polysemy (the presence of a word with more than one meaning). [19, p. 57]
This phenomenon is demonstrated in the title of the text Period piece. At first glance, the words seem clear, but in this context, the meaning of the words changes a little, as if giving mystery, uncertainty to the whole text.
Here we will demonstrate an epithet, an expressive means based on the allocation of a quality, a sign of the described phenomenon, which is formed in the form of attributive words or phrases that characterize this phenomenon from the point of view of individual perception of this phenomenon.
Had the poor old thing really persuaded herself that her ideas had had anything to do with what no doubt she would call the salvation of his marriage? Through the epithet, we feel the identification of the personal, evaluative attitude of the hero to his mother-in-law.
Once only, after her good-night kiss from the children… The epithet brings expressiveness to this sentence.
Now let's move on to the interjection, which is an integral part of the sentence, which colors the entire utterance in appropriate emotional tones. [20, p. 163]
Oh, I suppose shes been telling you that I am a selfish brute. The expressive means in question gives a hint of mockery to the sentence, conveys the emotions of the hero.
Metonymy is a relationship between two types of lexical meanings - subject-logical and contextual, based on the identification of specific links between subjects.
It was his plain duty, not only to himself but to his dependents. The author uses metonymy in the sentence to figuratively depict the facts of reality.
They went to Italy on Tutin,s furniture, and got a house within a hundred yards of the assistant directors favourite studio on the mink coat. In this case, metonymy is used to create sensual, visually more tangible things. It also reveals the subjective and evaluative attitude of the author to the young wife of the protagonist.
An oxymoron as a kind of metonymy consists in combining two words contrasting in meaning, revealing the inconsistency of the described. [17, p. 128]
… Clare had been charming to Phyllis, so young and so worried, so terribly in love… The oxymoron in this case is not accidental at all, it expresses the author's evaluative attitude to the girl's unreal love for the protagonist.
Among the stylistic means that define the concept in a new way, acting as a synonymous turnover in relation to the previously existing word - designation of this concept, is periphrasis.
She said Id put my hooks on you because you we meat for a floozy. This method opens the pathos of speech, elation.
The following example demonstrates a euphemism, words and phrases that appear in the language to denote concepts that already have names, but are considered unpleasant, rude, indecent or low for some reason. They are in the vocabulary of the language and are synonyms of words that previously denoted these concepts. [3, p. 112]
She was simply out of touch ... This stylistic device has the function of softening words that seem rude to the author of the work.
The next stylistic phenomenon is hyperbole, that is, an artistic technique of exaggeration, and such an exaggeration, which from the point of view of the real possibilities of the realization of thought seems doubtful or simply incredible.

In the end she succeeded in persuading him at least to let her look after him while he was getting over the great tragedy of his live. In the example, the former wife and husband are contrasted and hyperbole gives a comic effect to the experience of divorce.

Next, we will consider litota - a figurative expression containing an excessive understatement of any feature of an object, phenomenon, action. [6, p. 92]
…the one guiltless person who must not be let down was poor little Phyllis… With the help of litota, the author enhances the expressiveness of the described hero, also gives an assessment of the protagonist to the latter, gives a certain comic effect to the situation.
At the end of the chapter, we will consider the non-special lexical expressive means used by the author in this story.
Vulgarism is a rude expression, or an expression that is used only in colloquial speech and especially in the speech of uncultured and uneducated people. They can be found mainly in the direct speech of the characters and, therefore, only in the style of artistic speech.
What did he mean by letting her in for that old bitch? The meaning of the author to use such vocabulary was in the expression of strong emotions, irritation and anger.
The last lexical means considered in this work are synonyms. These are words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring. [10,21]
Selfish - spoiled - a mummys boy. This tool has great expressive power and clearly characterizes the hero.
As a basis for the demonstration of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, we took the story of the English author Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece".
During the stylistic analysis of the story , we made the following conclusions:
. Joyce Carey Lanel's short story "Period Piece" is of great interest for stylistic analysis, as it contains many expressive means and stylistic techniques.
. Among the tropes, Joyce Carey Lanel's favorite technique is irony, which the author masterfully owns. Irony is an effective means of creating a verbally comic image in his works. Joyce Lanel's linguistic means for expressing irony are very rich and diverse.
. In his story, the author also often uses such a stylistic device as a metaphor. It expresses the inner world of the characters, characterizes them wonderfully, makes the story more expressive and imaginative. After analyzing the story, we confirmed the hypothesis we put forward - metaphor as a stylistic device is also often used in a work of fiction, as well as an expressive means. Since the stylistic technique is the property of the author's individual artistic style, the creative application of the way of naming phenomena inherent in the language, and each artist tries to use it to the fullest, and the artistic style is the best basis for this.
. There are also other expressive means in the story, such as metonymy, epithet, zeugma, hyperbole, litota, oxymoron, euphemism, personification.
We have analyzed in the work such a common stylistic technique as comparison. He makes the language of Joyce Carey Lanel's "Period Piece" more vivid, and the images more convex. Comparisons of this author are used for cognitive purposes (using comparisons to draw conclusions about a person's appearance) and in a decorative function (to decorate an artistic word).
After reviewing the story, we found that the main function of the oxymoron is the expression of a contradictory emotional state.
Metonymy, litota, polysemy in this author saturate the text of the work with imagery and unforgettable vivid descriptions.
Hyperbole, zeugma, euphemism and periphrasis are also very effective ways to create an ironic image of Joyce Lanel.
The author uses such lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques to identify an individual evaluative attitude to objects and phenomena as an epithet, comparison, metonymy.
Personification, synonyms, vulgarisms and interjections in the story play the role of conveying great expressive power.
Thus, we can say that the author's work is saturated with a variety of stylistic means and, using such lexical means and stylistic techniques, he has developed his own magnificent style of creating a comical effect.
The analysis once again proves that lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques are an indisputable tool in creating a work of art.
Conclusion
lexical stylistic hyperbole euphemism
This research paper is devoted to the study of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques on the example of the English author Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece"
In the first chapter, we examined and tried to identify the difference between an expressive means and a stylistic device.
Having studied the level-oriented classification, we came to the conclusion that stylistic techniques are created based on the typification of the expressive means of the language. All stylistic techniques belong to expressive means, but not all expressive means are stylistic techniques. The techniques are based on the rich potential of various means.
It follows from this that it is impossible to determine a clear list of lexical means and stylistic techniques, that is, what lexical expressive means are, and what lexical stylistic techniques exist, since in some cases the same phenomenon of speech expressiveness is attributed to both a stylistic device and an expressive means.
Based on the findings of I.R. Galperin's classifications, we identified the following expressive means and stylistic techniques: metaphor, allegory, personification, comparison, irony, sarcasm, zevgma, pun, polysemy, epithet, interjection, exclamation words, metonymy, oxymoron, antonomasia, periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, meiosis, litota, cliche, proverbs, sayings, maxims, quotations, allusion, decay of stable phrases. Not special expressive means: archaisms, neologisms, foreign words, poeticism, professionalism, jargonisms, vulgarisms, slang, dialects, barbarisms, vernacular, rarely used words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, phraseologisms. These stylistic phenomena have been tabulated and presented in the appendix.
In the second chapter, a theoretical justification of the table of lexical means and stylistic techniques was given, on the basis of which the practical part of the study was built, that is, lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques in the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece" were identified and described.
During the analysis of the literature on the phenomena of speech expressiveness , it was found:

Firstly, irony is an effective means of creating a verbally comic image in the works of Joyce Lanek. The linguistic means for expressing irony in this author are very rich and diverse.

Secondly, very often, various tropes act as means that construct the context and determine its evaluation field. The most favorite is
The hypothesis put forward by us that metaphor as a stylistic device is also often used in a work of art, as well as an expressive means in the course of work has been confirmed. This is due to the fact that the author tries to give a special sound to his work both by stylistic technique and by means of expression, and their help in artistic speech is inexorable.
Thus, we can say that the work of Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece" is saturated with a variety of stylistic means and techniques. To describe events, phenomena, characters of his works, the author uses a large number of various stylistic means, such as metaphor, comparison, hyperbole, epithet, zeugma, litota and others. The most common techniques are antonomasia, hyperbole, litota, meiosis, irony, pun.
Summing up, it should be noted that the lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques that make our speech expressive are diverse, and it is very useful to know them. Word, speech is an indicator of a person's general culture, his intelligence, his speech culture. No work can do without lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques. To master the stylistic resources of the language, to know its stylistic norms, it is necessary for a future teacher to improve the general speech culture of our society.
The aim of the work - "to study and systematize lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques, to develop and theoretically substantiate a table of lexical expressive means and stylistic techniques using examples from the work of the English author Joyce Carey Lanel "Period Piece"" - has been achieved.