PART 2
SUSTAINABILITY IN ACTION
Environment Facility, has been implementing
the Global Sustainable Fisheries Management
and Biodiversity Conservation in the Areas
Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) Program –
commonly called the Common Oceans ABNJ
Program. This programme has offered an
innovative and comprehensive initiative
consisting of four projects (FAO, 2019l) that bring
together governments, RFMOs, civil society, the
private sector, academia and industry to try to
ensure the sustainable use of ABNJ resources and
to achieve global targets agreed in international
forums. The successes and lessons learned have
paved the
way for a stronger partnership, which
is now proposing a second phase of activities to
reinforce the impacts of the first five years of
the programme.
There is growing expectation for a more clearly
defined legal, ethical and moral responsibility
for all countries and individuals using ABNJ for
fishing and trade. The new international legally
binding instrument on the conservation and
sustainable use of marine biological diversity
of ABNJ (United Nations General Assembly
Resolution 72/249), currently under development,
presents an important opportunity to ensure that
the ABNJ are managed sustainably and equitably
by all sectors (United Nations, 2018).
Climate change adaptation strategies
Fisheries and aquaculture
have a key role to
play in feeding a growing world population
with nutritious and low-carbon-footprint foods.
The sector is also a provider of alternative foods
such as edible seaweed. In addition, the sector is
critical for the livelihoods of almost 60 million
people worldwide (FAO, 2018a).
However, fisheries are expected to be
significantly affected by climate change, as a
result of changes in abiotic (sea temperature,
oxygen levels, salinity and acidity) and biotic
conditions (primary production, and food webs)
of the sea affecting aquatic species in terms
of their distributional patterns, growth and
size, catch potential, etc. (Barange
et al
., 2018).
There are also potential impacts from climate
change on the
people who rely upon these
aquatic resources, many of whom are small-scale
harvesters, as well as on industry, markets and
trade. Sea-level rise, marine heat waves and
changes in the intensity and the frequency of
extreme weather events (e.g. extreme winds, and
storms) are also projected to increase. In the
case of inland fisheries, in addition to warming
and changes in precipitation, interactions with
other human activities (e.g. increasing demand
for freshwater from other sectors,
and dam
construction) could create additional impacts,
with the disappearance of habitats, and drastic
changes in biodiversity or in fish migration
dynamics (Harrod
et al
., 2018). For aquaculture,
although the sector is expected to continue
growing to meet the world’s demand for aquatic
food, climate change could result in favourable,
unfavourable or neutral changes, with negative
impacts likely to predominate in developing
countries as a result of a decreased productivity
due to suboptimal farming conditions and other
perturbations (Dabbadie
et al
., 2018).
In the past decade, various studies have
identified ecological
and social indicators of
vulnerability to such changes and examined how
climate change could affect aquatic resources
(e.g. Barange
et al
., 2018). Other studies have
focused on climate change impacts on fishing
communities, on the basis of case studies
and qualitative methods from social science
perspectives. In addition, several global and
regional quantitative studies have used modelling
approaches to look at the potential impacts
of climate change on annual catch and the
redistribution of stocks or catch potential with
climate change (Cheung
et al
., 2009; Cheung
et
al
., 2010; Cheung
et al
., 2013;
Blanchard
et al
.,
2012; Merino
et al
., 2012; Barange
et al
., 2014;
Lotze
et al
., 2019). These modelling studies
generally project that fisheries productivity
will increase in high latitudes and decrease
in mid- and low latitudes (Porter
et al
., 2014),
primarily due to species shift. This has important
implications for developing countries, which are
generally located in the tropics.
Alongside this, there is a recognition that
the response to climate change will call for a
variety of adaptation options, both technical
and non-technical. These can be broadly
categorized (Poulain, Himes-Cornell and
Shelton, 2018) as: institutional adaptation;
livelihood adaptation; and risk reduction
| 146 |
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2020
and management for resilience. Institutional
adaptation is mainly
undertaken on the part
of public bodies to address legal, policy,
management and institutional issues (
Box 19
).
It includes the management of fisheries and
aquaculture in a manner that considers the
dynamic nature of systems and societal needs
in line with the ecosystem approach to fisheries
and to aquaculture alongside climate risks.
Livelihoods adaptations are commonly market
and livelihood interventions to respond to
climate-induced changes within the sector or
along the value chain. These are mainly in and by
the private sector and communities, but may also
require public support to encourage and facilitate
changes. Risk reduction and management
interventions (e.g. early
warning and information
systems, and prevention and preparedness
strategies) include a mix of public and private
activities to reduce and manage the risks of a
changing climate.
There has been considerable growth in
knowledge on climate risks, impacts,
vulnerability and adaptation. However, planned
adaptation that results from a deliberate policy
decision remains a challenge, as it has to address
climate risks that can vary dynamically and
non-linearly over time. That said, a number
of tools/approaches have been developed and
applied, as outlined below.
The starting point for climate change adaptation
planning is to identify the type of adaptation
problem to be addressed and to set the
objectives and goals (
Figure 49
). The timescale for
the adaptation decision
is important in terms
of both climate risks (whether it is near term
or long term) and adaptation (whether it is for
an immediate project proposal or a long-term
adaptation policy). It is also important to frame
adaptation in the wider context to understand
whether it is a stand-alone application policy
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
