THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2020
“farmed types” (cultured fish types below species
level), as well as interactions between cultured
species and their wild relatives.
Strengthening and promoting sustainable
aquaculture practices is another important
opportunity to mainstream biodiversity in
the sector. To this end,
FAO is supporting
Members through a process of developing the
Sustainable Aquaculture Guidelines (SAG;
see the section Guidelines and best practices
for sustainable aquaculture, p. 124) that
identify relevant practical themes at global
and regional levels, describe successful case
studies showing best practices, and promote
pathways towards successful implementation
suitable for supporting the long-term
development of sustainable aquaculture (from
species and farmed
environments to value
chains) at a landscape, country and region
level. Through these processes, the SAG will
provide practical guidance to government
authorities and policymakers aimed at helping
the countries achieve a better implementation
of the Code, while engaging and enabling their
aquaculture sector to effectively participate in the
implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
Mainstreaming biodiversity – the way forward
Enduring food security, nutrition and livelihoods
are reliant on the maintenance
of biodiverse life
across aquatic ecosystems. To be successful in
realizing the aims of productive and sustainable
fisheries and aquaculture, it is necessary to
ensure that the variety of life forms that directly
and indirectly support the functioning of resilient
ecosystems are restored where they have become
depleted, and maintained to help meet the
interconnected SDGs,
of particularly relevance
under SDG 14.
“Mainstreaming biodiversity” is a construct
that has only recently been highlighted in
international arenas. Sustainable development
is inherently dependent on healthy ecosystems;
thus, the connection to biodiversity in its wider
definition is not new. The recognition of the
importance of healthy ecosystems is not new for
the fisheries and aquaculture sector. However, the
term biodiversity has traditionally been used
mainly when referring to the detrimental
impacts of fishing. The vital connection between
biodiversity, food production and livelihoods is
often forgotten by
specialists and the general
public alike and needs to be highlighted. It is
the shared understanding of this connection, the
ability to collectively point to and leverage the
long history of fisheries-related work supporting
this connection, and the development of concrete
actions that support this connection that will
truly enable the mainstreaming of biodiversity
in support of sustainable development. This will
require more effective
communication across
sectors, as well as diverse partnerships. Given the
increasing pressures on the oceans, there is no
time to waste – mainstreaming biodiversity is
an imperative.
Sustainability in areas beyond
national jurisdiction
Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)
cover 40 percent of the surface of the planet,
or 62 percent of the total ocean surface area.
Their living resources have long been utilized,
whereas,
in recent years, their non-living marine
resources have become increasingly utilized
(Jobsvogt
et al
., 2014).
In force since 1994, UNCLOS defines the high
seas as the water column beyond the EEZ, or
beyond the territorial sea where no EEZ has
been declared. The seabed that lies beyond the
limits of national jurisdiction is designated
as “the Area”. Therefore,
this distinguishes
the area (seabed) from the high seas (water
column above), and the total of both would
then be referred to as the ABNJ. The ABNJ do
not belong to any single State; instead, under
UNCLOS, they are managed through a suite
of agreements and global and regional bodies,
each with its own mandate and priorities.
All nations with a “real interest” in the ABNJ
share responsibility for the proper management
and conservation
of ABNJ resources
and biodiversity.
Despite the vast geographical extension of the
ABNJ, the current understanding of their role,
influence and importance to coastal waters is
limited. There is increasing evidence that ABNJ
and coastal waters are closely connected, and
that activities in ABNJ can influence coastal
zones (Popova
et al
., 2019)
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