The social aspects of g. Orvelll's novel"1984" contents I. Introduction Main body

Partially described fictional language.

The author does not represent a complete language system, but only describes some elements, signs or characteristics of a fictional language.
Such a fictional language is used in his utopian work by T.
Mor. Author is not systematically described: the work of art only mentions some of its characteristics, names some words or concepts that distinguish the fictional language from the natural one, while the author practically does not give examples of the text in this fictional language. An example of such a fictional language is the language of the Houyhnhnms in J. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
W. Humboldt wrote: “Just as no concept is possible without language, so without it there is not a single object for our soul, because even any external object for it acquires the fullness of reality only through the medium of the concept.” When creating new, fictional worlds, the authors of the fantasy genre primarily reflect the inhabitants of this world, the picture of the world they perceive, which is impossible without a description of their language. Of course, not all authors resort to creating their own fictional language, however, a fictional language gives credibility to a work of art, makes the new fictional world more tangible by the author (Sidorova, 2006: 37).³
In fiction, fictional languages serve several functions. The fictitious language acts as a kind of “marker”, which refers the work to one of the genres of science fiction literature, whether it be positive or negative utopia, fantasy , science and linguistic fiction, etc. In other words, the very fact that the author uses a fictional language in a work is thus “ assumption" that distinguishes fantasy from realism. It follows that fictional languages genre.-forming function (Skvortsov, 2015: 177).
Some authors follow the path "from language to a fictional world." Captured by the linguistic idea (create a language in which there are no verbs; invent a fictional language with exclusively monosyllabic words, etc. ), the author cannot create a language that would not be used by anyone. The originally created fictional language serves as a kind of foundation for the image of a new race, a people with a completely new picture world. In other words, the author creates a fictional language on the basis of which he builds a world in which it could be used.
Therefore, a fictional language has a plot-forming function.
One of the most important tasks of a fictional language in a literary text is the reflection of the psychophysiological features, thinking, and worldview of the characters.
Cinematography is the embodiment of people's fantasies and desires, so directors, screenwriters and other filmmakers day by day create new fantasy worlds that immerse viewers in an alternative parallel reality. Such imaginary worlds are inhabited by an imaginary people, who in turn need their own imaginary language. The creation of new languages, something that for many viewers remains invisible, is given by the colossal work of linguists and philologists. Thanks to fictional languages, the fantastic worlds of films become more believable, take on the appearance of a real, and not a fictional world with its own culture, history and traditions. The movement of movie fans is gaining more and more popularity: this is expressed in the desire of especially interested viewers to copy the costumes of movie characters, their hairstyles, manners, and most importantly, language.
Among the most famous fictional languages are Klingon , divine, Na'vi , Atlantean , Minyon .⁴
Klingon language was used by humanoid warriors living on the planet Khonosh in the fictional universe of Star Trek (1979).
d.) and is considered one of the oldest, but at the same time the most famous and widespread, among fictional languages. The Klingon language was created and developed by order of the Paramount film company. Studios by linguist Mark Okrand , who combined the grammar and phonetics of Sanskrit and the Mutsun language (the language of the Indians of North America). Unlike many other fictional languages, Klingon has a detailed grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, and syntax (Sidorova, 2006: 74).
In the phonetic system of the Klingon language, some sounds unusual for Indo-European inhabitants are used, for example, the glottal stop. Such sounds were brought in from different languages of the American Indians in order to emphasize the "alien" sound (Shuvalova, 2005: 143).
In the writing system, several variants were developed, based on some features of the Tibetan script, with their own alphabet and numbers. There is also a version of writing, which is recoded into Latin characters.
Moreover, there is a special regulatory organization, the Klingon Language Institute, which has as its task the promotion of Klingon culture and translations of classical literature, including the Bible and Shakespeare into Klingon . The first Klingon dictionary was published in 1985.
Divine language, according to the mythology of the film "The Fifth Element", is the oldest known language in the entire universe. The main speakers of this language are the Mondoshavan race , as well as the Fifth Element itself. The author of the language is Luc Besson , screenwriter and director of the film "The Fifth Element", however, during the filming, the leading role, native speaker, Mila Jovovich , made changes, and also practiced "divine language" in correspondence with Besson .
The divine language has its own basis of phonetics and grammar of French and Arabic and includes about 400 words. Some time after the popularization of the film, the dictionary of the divine language was developed by the most inspired fans (Shuvalova, 2005:
148).
Na'vi is the language of the humanoids, the three-meter blue- skinned inhabitants of the planet Pandora in James Cameron 's film " Avatar ". The language was developed by P. Frommer , professor of philology at the University of Southern California, together with the film director J. Cameron in 2009. The language has a well-developed phonetic, morphological and syntactic structure, as well as a constantly updated dictionary. P. Frommer notes that in its structure, Na'vi goes back to the Papuan and Australian languages, but some parts of the dictionary are phonetically close to the German language, while others are close to Polynesian. By the time of the film's release, the Na'vi dictionary had about 1,000 words, but Frommer had already increased the vocabulary to 1,500 units, and had also published a grammar structure and teaching materials.
The Atlantean language, the progenitor of all languages, is used by the Atlanteans in Joss ' animated film Atlantis: The Lost World Whedon (2001 ). The creators of the cartoon present the Atlantean language as the first language in the history of mankind, the source of all other languages. The developer of the language is the linguist Mark Okrand , who combined in it the Sumerian and indigenous North American languages, Chinese, Latin, and Hebrew based on Indo-European. The language has a developed phonetic system, a grammatical system, as well as a writing system. The colorful, beautiful, melodious Atlantean language is not static to this day: it continues to develop with the help of enthusiasts (Shuvalova, 2005: 146).⁵
The minion language, the so-called Banana, serves as a means of communication for small yellow creatures who serve the main villain of the Despicable Me cartoon. The main creators of the minion are the cartoon directors, Kyle Bald and Pierre Coffin , who in turn voiced many of the phrases. Basically, the language is based on baby talk: the use of simple syllables with alternating consonants and vowels, raised tones. A feature of the language can be considered the frequent replacement of the sounds “b” and “p”: this is how “ apple ” turns into “ babble ”, and “ hello ” into “ bello ”. However, the minion language consists not only of children's English, in the process of its development, Pierre Coffin was based on the knowledge of Chinese, Indonesian, Hindi, Japanese, Spanish and Italian: “I took those words that describe an object or phenomenon with their sound, not meaning” . Thus, the basis of the Minyon language is the phenomenon of onomatopoeia. The Minion language is not considered a fully-fledged fictional language like Klingon or Na'vi , but it is quite young and more developed than the Ewok language from the Star Wars movie.
The modern industry of games, in particular computer games, is focused not only on children, but also on adults, so it has a new function: the creation of new fictional worlds for its consumers with new fictional creatures that need their own new fictional language. Artificial languages are created for ordinary toys, but they are more often used in computer games.
Furbish is the language that was given to the interactive Furby robot toys from Hasbro . Furbish is a set of interjections that combines sounds characteristic of English and Japanese. The vocabulary of the Furbish language is relatively small: the original 1998 toy had 42 lexical items in its vocabulary, and modern Furby models have about a hundred unusual words.
Simlish or Simli language is used by characters inhabiting the universe of the video game The Sims . The game developers from Maxis wanted their characters to communicate, but it was obvious that the real language would be a distraction in the process of creating their fictional world, city, house, etc .; so Will Wright, co-creator of the video game, and actors Steven Kerin and Jerry Loloru developed a fictional language based on broken French, Latin, Finnish, Ukrainian, and Tagalog. The language is designed to be understood by a native speaker of any language: it is completely improvised and does not contain words with specific meanings, but words and sounds that express emotions associated with the process of playing.
D'ni is the language of an extraterrestrial race that arrived on earth in the Myst video game series . The name of the language coincides with the name of the people who speak it, and the name of the city on Earth where this people settled. The language was developed by an employee of the computer company Cyan Worlds by Richard A. Watson. During the game, D'ni is found almost everywhere: in the speech of the characters, in the inscriptions on the walls and objects. The language has a grammatical system and a writing system.
Parseltongue does not have a well-developed grammatical structure, and from the phonetic side it is represented by hissing and fricative sounds .
Snake language does not lose its popularity: many fans of books and films about Harry Potter are happy to learn and develop parselgang . Moreover, in 2011, on the eve of the release of the final film about Harry Potter, the film company Warner Bros. _ has released an online translator with which fans of the " Potter " can translate individual English words into snake language.⁶
Newspeak by G.Orwell in the dystopian novel "1984" is a classic example of the introduction of a fictional language into a literary work. Newspeak is the English language, changed beyond recognition: the lexical composition is reduced as much as possible, in order to exclude words that convey the semantics of freedom, thought, feelings, rebellion. "1984" is a book about the state of Oceania, where totalitarianism rules, so the author tried from all sides to show what system dominates in this society, including with the help of Newspeak - the political language. The author himself, G.Orwell, in his essay “Politics and the English Language” said: “Political language is created to make lies look plausible, and forces us, forgetting about all decorum, to recognize as unshakable truth what is pure nonsense ” ( Orwell , 1986: 78).
Newspeak has a well-developed grammatical structure, as well as a large vocabulary; Newspeak phonetics is based on English phonetics. The language is characterized by an abundance of abbreviations, compound words, extremely simplified grammar.
Many followers of G.Orwell practice and develop Newspeak.
However, the peak of Newspeak's popularity is considered to be the end of the 20th century.
The slang " nadsat ", coined by writer Anthony Burgess , for the dystopian A Clockwork Orange is one of the most famous fictional languages in literature. The name of the language is closely connected with its speakers: teenagers spoke Nadsat , so the ending of the Russian numerals “twelve”, “thirteen” was taken as the basis for the name.
In general, the language was compiled on the basis of Russian and London Cockney dialect, and supplemented with words coined by Burgess himself . It should be clarified that predominantly nadsat has a Russian basis. This is explained by the fact that shortly before writing the book, the author visited the Soviet Union.
Grammatically, nadsat differs little from English, only the vocabulary has been changed. Most of the vocabulary is Russian words written using the Latin alphabet, moreover, these words are often distorted beyond recognition ( Oks , 2006: 153).
A.V. Yurovskikh proposes to divide the vocabulary of nadsat into four groups: words borrowed in a direct way and changing in accordance with the rules of English grammar; abbreviated words, a combination of Russian and English morphemes and author's occasionalisms.