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Part III
Topics in Separation, Visitation, and Reunification
7. Testa (2004) refers to the practice of “race matching,” noting associated
restrictions expressed in the 1994/1996 Multiethnic Placement Act (see
Brooks, Barth, Bussiere, & Patterson, 1999), which prohibits federally
funded agencies from making placement decisions on the basis of race,
color, or national origin.
8. More broadly, the courts have begun to recognize the legitimacy of the
child’s experience of a nonbiological “psychological parent.” For example:
“One of the frequent consequences, for children, of the decline of the
traditional nuclear family is the formation of close personal attachments
between them and adults outside of their immediate families. Stepparents,
foster parents, grandparents and other caretakers often form close bonds
and, in effect, become psychological parents to children whose nuclear
families are not intact.
…
It would be shortsighted indeed, for this court
not to recognize the realities and complexities of modern family life by
holding today that a child has no rights, over the objection of a parent,
to maintain a close extra-parental relationship which has formed in the
absence of a nuclear family.” (
Custody of Smith
, 1998, 137 Wn.2d 1, p. 36).
9. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www.kidlaw.org/admin.
asp?uri=2081&action=15&di=345&ext=pdf &view=yes
10. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www.jud.state.ct.us/probate/
termination.pdf
11. This observation is likely contaminated by voluntary relinquishments.
12. This outcome may be moderated when interim placement allows the
child to remain in the same school and see the same friends.
13. “The consequences of a termination are profound. Children stand to lose
a relationship with a parent who may be loved even if he or she has been
neglectful or abusive. Children also risk losing contact with siblings and
with extended family members.” (from the Judicial Education Center’s
Child Welfare Handbook
[available online]; retrieved February 21, 2009 from
http://jec.unm.edu/resources/benchbooks/child_law/ch_22.htm#22-5-
1).
14. Among recent examples see: Parr (2007) and Katz (2001).
15. Retrieved February 22, 2009 from http://www.cwla.org/programs/fos-
ter care/agingoutresources.htm
16. See http://www.jlc.org/factsheets/emancipationus/ for a comprehen-
sive, state-by-state guide to relevant statutes and legislation.
17. Casey Family Foundation statistics accessed 02.22.2009 at: http://
www.casey.org/MediaCenter/MediaKit/FactSheet.htm
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