Chapter 12
Development and Parent–Child Reunification
205
duration of time apart (Bowlby, 1973; McWey & Mullis, 2004;
Troutman, Ryan, & Cardi, 2000). When interim measures intended
to maintain the quality of the relationship despite the separation are
insufficient, when transitional objects are inadequate, when interim
contacts via various media are infrequent or unpredictable, and/or when
third-party influences undermine the quality of the attachment relation-
ship (i.e., alienation, see chapter 16), what was once a secure attachment
may soon cease to be. These security-eroding influences will be most
corrosive most quickly with the least socially and emotionally mature
children and in the most chaotic and conflicted families, the very chil-
dren who are simultaneously the most vulnerable to concomitant behav-
ioral and emotional difficulties (Bellamy, 2008; Fish & Chapman, 2004).
In the latter case, when an insecure dyad is separated, the same
lack of caregiver sensitive/responsivity that is associated with insecure
and disorganized attachments (Barnett, Butler, & Vondras, 1999; Cic-
chetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2006) is also likely to be at the root of a parent’s
abusive and/or neglectful behavior (Egeland, Jacobvitz, & Sroufe, 1988)
and must therefore be among the primary foci of interim intervention
in the short-term interest of reunification
8
and the long-term interest
of facilitating a secure parent–child attachment. This means that during
the seaparation, the parent must have the opportunity to learn how to
become more sensitive and responsive to the child’s needs. Interventions
such as Marvin’s Circle of Security (Marvin, Cooper, Hoffman, & Powell,
2002) and others that utilize video feedback have great promise for
application in this setting.
Unfortunately, the frank reality is that removal often serves as
little more than an adult “time out,” failing to change the underlying
conditions that fuel the cycle of abuse, state intervention, removal, and
ultimately termination:
[I]n considering intervention strategies and social services that are in-
tended to assist families at risk for maltreatment, the focus on early interac-
tions and attachment is often missing. Most strategies address issues related
to parental welfare and adaptation.
…
Improvement of dysfunctional par-
ent–child interaction is often nominally mentioned, but rarely systemati-
cally and intentionally addressed. (Tarabulsy et al., 2008, p. 325)
Worse still, inadequate, infrequent, and unpredictable interim contacts
combined with alienating messages can actually make what was once
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