The shadow economy

Yashirin iqtisodiyotni qanday o'lchash mumkin.

2.1. Defining the shadow economy.

Yashirin iqtisodiyotning ta'rifi.

Most authors trying to measure the shadow economy still face the difficulty of a precise definition¹. According to one commonly used definition it comprises all currently unregistered economic activities that would contribute to the officially calculated gross national product if the activities were recorded². P. Smith (1994: 18) defines the shadow economy as ‘market-based production of goods and services, whether legal or illegal, that escapes detection in the official estimates of GDP’. Put differently, one of the broadest definitions is: ‘those economic activities and the income derived from them that circumvent or otherwise avoid government regulation, taxation or observation’³. As these definitions still leave room for interpretation, Table 1 provides examples of a reasonable consensus definition of the underground (or shadow) economy according to its broadest definition.

Yashirin iqtisodiyotni o'lchashga urinayotgan mualliflarning ko'pchiligi hali ham uni aniq belgilashda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishmoqda. Keng qo'llaniladigan ta'riflardan biriga ko'ra, u hozirda qayd etilmagan barcha iqtisodiy faoliyatni o'z ichiga oladi, agar ushbu faoliyat qayd etilgan bo'lsa, rasmiy hisoblangan yalpi milliy mahsulotga hissa qo'shadi. P.Smit (1994: 18) yashirin iqtisodiyotni “YaIMning rasmiy hisob-kitoblarida uchramaydigan qonuniy yoki noqonuniy tovarlar va xizmatlarning bozor ishlab chiqarishi” deb ta’riflaydi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, eng keng qamrovli ta'riflardan biri bu: "davlat tomonidan tartibga solish, soliq solish yoki nazoratni chetlab o'tadigan yoki boshqacha tarzda chetlab o'tadigan iqtisodiy faoliyat va ulardan olinadigan daromadlar". Ushbu ta'riflar hali ham talqin qilish uchun joy qoldirishi sababli, 1-jadvalda eng keng ta'rifiga ko'ra, soya (yoki yashirin) iqtisodiyotning asosli kelishilgan ta'rifiga misollar keltirilgan.