The role of Enlightenment period in English literature

2.Comparative analysis of English and Uzbek enlighteners' philosophy
Every country has its own past, way of life, independent thinking. The Enlightenment played an important role in the literature and other fields of the world.In the history of every nation the path of enlightenment is of special importance. In the English literature, like the Uzbek literature, the beginning of enlightenment began in the Middle Ages. There are a lot of common and intersecting points in the literature of English enlightment period and Uzbek Jadid literature. This is especially evident in efforts to reform the existing system through word, literature. In the study, these views were studied in a comparative aspect.
The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age of reasoning. During this time, the writers were regarded as philosophers. They came up with diverse theories and possessed different points of view. Never the less, the philosophers were amalgamated on the basis of worldly, civilization, broad-based, and self-determination. The Enlightenment liberties were free of capricious authority, allowed free expression and exchange, consented to the fulfillment of individual aptitudes, permitted artistic reactions, and endorsed man’s right to self-determination.¹⁰
English Enlightenment literature is similar to Uzbek Jadid literature.The ideas, their content, and exactly why they served were their primary goalDuring the Enlightenment, there were many writers producing influential works and ideas that spread across the globe. Many talked about how governments should move away from absolute monarchies and better represent the people. These books were widely distributed and read by lots of people. 
Leviathan-The author of Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, was greatly influenced by the English Civil War and the chaos that followed. In his book, he argued that without government, life would be “nasty, brutish and short.” A strong government was needed to keep the peace. He also believed in social contract theory, which says the government must have an unspoken agreement to protect people and work in their best interests.Throughout his life, Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy. He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan. This belief stemmed from the central tenet of Hobbes' natural philosophy that human beings are, at their core, selfish creatures.
The Spirit of Laws-Another great work of the Enlightenment was The Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu. Montesquieu was a French lawyer and wrote about the separation of powers, or splitting up power within a government. He believed separating powers within a government in the best interest of the people. He said, “To become truly great, one has to stand with the people, not above them.” Montesquieu’s ideas about the separation of powers became the basis for the checks and balances system in the US Constitution.¹¹
Two Treatises on Government-Two Treatises on Government was written by John Locke. John Locke was an English philosopher and writer. In this book, he argued that man has the natural rights of life, liberty and property. This was a very influential book of the time which was widely read across Europe and the Americas. One of the most important aspects of this work was that Lock believed that the people had a right to rebel against a bad ruler. Basically,if the government was not doing their job, the people had the right to replace them.
The ideas of the Enlightenment spread to the American colonies, profoundly influencing leaders of the Revolution to create a new structure of government. Enlightenment, as defined in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, can be broadly defined is the movement towards reason and individualism rather than tradition. The text, by Thomas Paine, challenged the principles of liberty, equality, and justice. Thomas Paine was a revolutionary thinker who used Enlightenment ideology as a platform to persuade towards the founding of an independant America, and towards the founding of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress, was the first attempt at putting…show more content.Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families” Paine makes the argument that many Americans are of British descent, but it is irrelevant. Additionally, if the colonies had not been dependent on Britain, then they would no longer be enemies with countries that are enemies of Britain. Therefore, Pain argues, the condition of being Britain’s colony is what brought upon the need for protection in the first place. Paine begins to set out the details of what he sees as the proper form of government for America. He offers a way of choosing the congress and President and recommends the convening of a "Continental Conference" to produce a "Continental Charter" that will lay down certain laws for the union and ensure the protection of certain fundamental rights. Paine says that the law should reign sovereign in America, and that it is important that the most fundamental laws be inscribed in a constitution. “let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know, that so far as we approve of monarchy, that in America the law is king . For as in absolute governments the king is law, so in free countries the law ought to be king; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwardarise, let the crown at the conclusion of the ceremony be demolished and scattered among the people whose right it is. . . . “¹²
In Common Sense, Thomas Paine argues for American independence. His argument begins with more general, theoretical reflections about government and religion, then progresses onto the specifics of the colonial situation.Paine begins by distinguishing between government and society. Society, according to Paine, is everything constructive and good that people join together to accomplish. Government, on the other hand, is an institution whose sole purpose is to protect us from our own vices. Government has its origins in the evil of man and is therefore a necessary evil at best. Paine says that government's sole purpose is to protect life, liberty and property, and that a government should be judged solely on the basis of the extent to which it accomplishes this goal.Paine then considers an imagined scenario in which a small group of people has been placed on an island, and cut off from the rest of society. In time, these people develop ties with one another, and lawmaking becomes inevitable. Paine says the people will be much happier if they are responsible for the creation of the laws that rule them. Paine is also implicitly arguing that such a system of representation is also better for the American colonists. Having expressed his disagreement with British reign in America, Paine proceeds to launch a general attack on the British system of government. Paine says the British system is too complex and rife with contradictions, and that the monarchy is granted far too much power. The British system pretends to offer a reasonable system of checks and balances, but in fact, it does not.From here Paine moves on to discuss, in general, the notions of monarchy and hereditary succession. Man, Pain argues, was born into a state of equality, and the distinction that has arisen between king and subject is an unnatural one. At first, Paine says, the world was without kings, but the ancient Jews decided they wanted a king. This angered God, but he allowed them to have one. Paine presents pages of biblical evidence detailing God's wrath at the idea of the Jews having a king. The conclusion Paine reaches is that the practice of monarchy originates from sin, and is an institution that the Bible and God condemn. Paine calls hereditary succession an abominable practice. He says that even if people were to choose to have a king, that does not legitimize that King's child acting as a future ruler. Furthermore, hereditary succession has brought with it innumerable evils, such as incompetent kings, corruption, and civil war.
Having dispensed with the preliminary theoretical issues, Paine sets in to discuss the details of the American situation. In response to the argument that America has flourished under British rule, and therefore ought to stay under the king, Paine says that such an argument fails to realize that America has evolved and no longer needs Britain's help. Some say that Britain has protected America, and therefore deserves allegiance, but Paine responds that Britain has only watched over America in order to secure its own economic well-being. Paine adds that most recently, instead of watching over the colonies, the British have been attacking them, and are therefore undeserving of American loyalty.Paine says that the colonies have little to gain from remaining attached to Britain. Commerce can be better conducted with the rest of Europe, but only after America becomes independent. Paine also asserts that if the colonies remain attached to Britain, the same problems that have arisen in the past will arise in the future. Paine argues that it is necessary to seek independence now, as to becomes independent. Paine also asserts that if the colonies remain attached to Britain, the same problems that have arisen in the past will arise in the future. Paine argues that it is necessary to seek independence now, as to do otherwise would only briefly cover up problems that will surely reemerge.Paine even proposes the form of government that the independent colonies should adopt. His recommendation is for a representative democracy that gives roughly equal weight to each of the colonies.Paine explains why the current time is a good time to break free of Britain. Primarily, Paine focuses on the present size of the colonies, and on their current capabilities. He presents an inventory of the British Navy and gives calculations revealing how America could build a navy of comparable size. Paine recommends this as a way of ensuring America's security and prosperity in trade. Paine also argues that America is sufficiently small as to be united now. If time were to elapse, and the population of the colonies to grow, the same feeling of unity would not be present. Paine adds that if the Americans revolt now, they can use the vast expanses of uncharted land to the West in order to pay down some of the debt they will incur.Paine says that as a colony of Britain, America lacks respectability on the international scene. They are seen simply as rebels, and cannot form substantial alliances with other nations. In order to prosper in the long term, the colonies need to be independent. Paine says that, by declaring independence, America will be able to ask for the help of other countries in its struggle for freedom. For all of these reasons, Paine says it is imperative and urgent that the colonies declare independence.
These were the times of tales from distant shores and adventurous travels. Reading about remote and undiscovered places was the entertainment that really went down well with the audience of the early 18th century. It was the time of the Enlightenment, and Defoe’s mission was to enlighten and entertain. The full title of the book goes: “The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner: Who lived eight and twenty years in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last strangely deliver’d by Pyrates. Written by himself.” Selkirk was also stranded on an island west of Chile, and Defoe’s story bears a clear resemblance to “The Surprising Account of one Alexander Selkirk written by his own hand”.
The story of Crusoe’s adventures fits brilliantly with the cultural agenda of the Enlightenment. The archetypical enlightenment stories were travelling accounts and diary notes told in a first person narrative where the protagonist had to fight the untamed nature to survive. And that is exactly what Robinson does. With what he can rescue of tools and equipment from the shipwreck, he builds his own little universe, making use of whatever he can find of raw materials on the island. He has to rely on himself entirely, because like he says: “I could not wait for any divine interference to get by.”And it is not only nature that is wild and untamed. Robinson encounters savage cannibals who come to his island to feast on captives from some other tribe. He rescues one of these captives who is to be eaten by his savage enemies, and he calls him Friday. They end up in a rather peculiar relationship; Friday becomes Robinson’s project. He wants to teach this savage the ways of the civilised world, and convert him to Christianity, the quest of a true English gentleman. In a current perspective this is a somewhat dubious enterprise, but at the time it was only what was expected from a civilised representative of the enlightened world Robinson’s progress on the island, as well as with Man Friday is the way man wanted to be seen during the Enlightenment – the conqueror of the primitive and rude, capable of creating a civilised universe around him by a systematic and scientific approach.
In addition to the equality of slaves, another main theme throughout Swift's novel is the idea of equality for all persons. During The Enlightenment, there were social, economical, sexual and many other inequalities among different types of people.
The main ideas and goals of Jadidism were to liberate Turkestan from medieval backwardness and religious superstition, to reform the Sharia, to educate the people, to fight for the establishment of an autonomous government in Turkestan, to establish a constitutional monarchy and parliament in Bukhara and Khiva, and later a democratic republic. and building a prosperous society, introducing a stable national currency, and building a national army. In Tashkent, Fergana, Bukhara, Samarkand and Khiva, a Jadid movement was formed from cultural and educational societies and associations opened by certain groups of free-thinking and progressive people.Jadidism originally functioned as a cultural movement. Representatives of this sect called for the struggle for development, the development of Turkic languages, the enrichment of literature in these languages, the study of secular sciences, the use of scientific advances, and the struggle for equality between women and men. Later, the Jadids propagated the ideas of Pan-Turkism.¹³
It was thought during the Enlightenment that human reasoning could discover truths about the world, religion, and politics and could be used to improve the lives of humankind. Skepticism about received wisdom was another important idea; everything was to be subjected to testing and rational analysis.
It says that in the era of enlightenment in both countries, almost the same idea was put forward, that is, freedom of religion, leading the people to enlightenment, cultivating their ideas, and so on.
Cholpán was Central Asia’s most popular poet during the first half of the 20th century. He was also a dramatist and novelist and was the first to translate William Shakespeare’s plays into Uzbek. Three collections of his poems were published during his lifetime: Uyghonish (1922; “Awakening”), Buloqlar (1924; “Springs”), and Tong sirlari (1926; “Secrets of Dawn”). In addition, a number of Cholpán’s poems appeared in the collection Özbek yosh shoirlari (1922; “Young Uzbek Poets”). Cholpán also published a novel, Kecha wa kunduz (1935; “Night and Day”), as well as a number of plays and many short stories.

Cholpán’s poetry became a source of lasting inspiration for later Uzbek writers, not least because of his innovative use of new forms of expression. He broke from the past by rejecting the mysticism that dominates Uzbek poems of the classical period, and his poems exhibit a simplified, straightforward language that is free of foreign borrowings. Cholpán also appealed strongly to Uzbek national identity. The poem “Bas endi!” (“That’s Enough!”) in Uyghonish, for instance, expresses the first awakenings of revolt against the Russian occupation:

That’s enough! There’s finally a limit
To all these insults, this humiliation!
The edge that’s arrived at bit by bit
Is only self-doubt and deprivation!
…
This last stone I hold in my hand
I long to fling at my nemesis.
This last tear that my eye contains,
I long to shed for my lifelong aims.¹⁴
The poverty of the Enlightenment ideas in the two countries is that English literature seeks to break free from slavery, while Uzbek literature seeks to break free from dependence.