The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion



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5. BABIES FEEL BUT DON’T REASON

Psychologists  used  to  assume  that  infant  minds  were  blank  slates.

The world babies enter is “one great blooming, buzzing confusion,”

as William James put it,

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 and they spend the next few years trying



to  make  sense  of  it  all.  But  when  developmental  psychologists

invented ways to look into infant minds, they found a great deal of

writing already on that slate.

The  trick  was  to  see  what  surprises  babies.  Infants  as  young  as

two months old will look longer at an event that surprises them than

at  an  event  they  were  expecting.  If  everything  is  a  buzzing

confusion, then everything should be equally surprising. But if the

infant’s  mind  comes  already  wired  to  interpret  events  in  certain

ways,  then  infants  can  be  surprised  when  the  world  violates  their

expectations.

Using  this  trick,  psychologists  discovered  that  infants  are  born

with  some  knowledge  of  physics  and  mechanics:  they  expect  that

objects will move according to Newton’s laws of motion, and they

get  startled  when  psychologists  show  them  scenes  that  should  be

physically impossible (such as a toy car seeming to pass through a

solid object). Psychologists know this because infants stare longer at

impossible scenes than at similar but less magical scenes (seeing the

toy car pass just behind the solid object).

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 Babies seem to have some



innate ability to process events in their physical world—the world of

objects.



But when psychologists dug deeper, they found that infants come

equipped  with  innate  abilities  to  understand  their  social  world  as

well.  They  understand  things  like  harming  and  helping.

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  Yale



psychologists  Kiley  Hamlin,  Karen  Wynn,  and  Paul  Bloom  put  on

puppet  shows  for  six-  and  ten-month-old  infants  in  which  a

“climber” (a wooden shape with eyes glued to it) struggled to climb

up  a  hill.  Sometimes  a  second  puppet  came  along  and  helped  the

climber from below. Other times, a di erent puppet appeared at the

top of the hill and repeatedly bashed the climber down the slope.

A  few  minutes  later,  the  infants  saw  a  new  puppet  show.  This

time the climber looked back and forth between the helper puppet

and  the  hinderer  puppet,  and  then  it  decided  to  cozy  up  to  the

hinderer. To the infants, that was the social equivalent of seeing a

car  pass  through  a  solid  box;  it  made  no  sense,  and  the  infants

stared  longer  than  when  the  climber  decided  to  cozy  up  to  the

helper.

36

At  the  end  of  the  experiment,  the  helper  and  hinderer  puppets



were placed on a tray in front of the infants. The infants were much

more likely to reach out for the helper. If the infants weren’t parsing

their  social  world,  they  wouldn’t  have  cared  which  puppet  they

picked up. But they clearly wanted the nice puppet. The researchers

concluded that “the capacity to evaluate individuals on the basis of

their social interactions is universal and unlearned.”

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It makes sense that infants can easily learn who is nice to them.



Puppies  can  do  that  too.  But  these  ndings  suggest  that  by  six

months  of  age,  infants  are  watching  how  people  behave  toward



other people, and they are developing a preference for those who are

nice rather than those who are mean. In other words, the elephant

begins making something like moral judgments during infancy, long

before language and reasoning arrive.

Looking  at  the  discoveries  from  infants  and  psychopaths  at  the

same time, it’s clear that moral intuitions emerge very early and are

necessary  for  moral  development.

38

  The  ability  to  reason  emerges



much later, and when moral reasoning is not accompanied by moral

intuition, the results are ugly.





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