The news about the latest discoveries in physics

The news about the latest discoveries in physics.
Ganiyeva Marjona
Ultra-relativistic collisions between heavy nuclei probe the high-temperature and high-density limit of the phase diagram of nuclear matter. These collisions create a new state of matter, known as the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons are no longer confined in hadrons but instead behave quasi-freely over a relatively large volume. By creating and studying this novel state of matter, which last existed in the microseconds after the Big Bang, we gain a deeper understanding of the strong nuclear force and quantum chromodynamics
In a heavy-ion collision, the initial energy deposited by the colliding nuclei undergoes a fast equilibration, within roughly 10–24 s, to form the QGP. The resulting deconfined and thermalised medium expands and cools over the next few 10–24 s, before the quarks and gluons recombine to form a hadron gas. It is the goal of heavy-ion experiments at the LHC to use the detected final-state hadrons to reconstruct the properties and dynamical behaviour of the system throughout its evolution.
Originally considered a troublesome byproduct of particle accelerators designed to explore fundamental physics, synchrotron radiation is now an indispensable research tool across a wide spectrum of science and technology. The latest generation of synchrotron-radiation sources are X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) driven by linacs.
CompactLight is the most significant current effort to enable greater diffusion of XFEL facilities, says the team, which plans to continue its activities beyond the end of its Horizon 2020 contract, improving the partnership and maintaining its leadership in compact acceleration and light production. “Compared to existing facilities, for the same operating wavelengths, the technical solutions adopted ensure that the CompactLight facility can operate with a lower electron beam energy and will have a significantly more compact footprint
Confronted with multiple questions about how nature works at the smallest scales, we exploit precise measurements of the Standard Model (SM) to seek possible answers. Those answers could further confirm the SM or give hints of new phenomena. As a hadron collider, the LHC was primarily built as a discovery machine. After more than a decade of operation, however, it has surpassed expectations.
Targeting a Higgs factory
27 January 2021
An electron–positron collider to follow the LHC will produce copious Higgs bosons, yielding precise knowledge of this unique particle, explain Keith Ellis and Beate Heinemann.
Looking back on the great discoveries in particle physics, one can see two classes. The discovery of the Ω– in 1964 and of the top quark in 1995 were the final pieces of a puzzle – they completed an existing mathematical structure
The novelty of the Higgs boson derives largely from its apparently scalar nature. It is the only fundamental particle without spin. Additionally, it is the only fundamental particle with a self-coupling (gluons also couple to other gluons, but only to those with different colour combinations).
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