The ministry of higer and secondary specialized education of uzbekistan

THE MINISTRY OF HIGER AND SECONDARY
SPECIALIZED EDUCATION OF UZBEKISTAN
NAVOI MINING AND METALLURGIAL INDUSTRY COMBINE
NAVAI STATE MINING AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
_____________________________________________________ FACULTY
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Theme: Sightseeing of Uzbekistan
What comes to mind when talking about tourist attractions in Uzbekistan? First of all, this is the architectural heritage of the country, the richest in Central Asia: masterpieces of medieval Islamic architecture - minarets, mosques, madrasahs (Islamic colleges), mausoleums, fortresses, palaces, etc. - as well as ancient Zoroastrian and Buddhist temples and the ruins of ancient settlements ... Among all of them stands out the famous Registan Square in Samarkand, with three wonderful madrasahs built in the XV-XVII centuries on its three sides, and the grandiose mausoleum of Gur-e Amir, where the great conqueror Buried Tamerlane (Timur). Bukhara is primarily associated with the mausoleum of Ismail Samani, built in the 9th century, and the 50-meter Kalyan minaret. (In total, there are more than 170 important architectural monuments in the city.) Khiva is famous for its unique historical part of Ichan-Kala 'inner city' - a walled medieval Central Asian city, preserved in its original form - an artifact city ... Due to its vast territory and very diverse landscapes Uzbekistan also boasts numerous natural attractions. These are impressive sections of the Kyzylkum desert, for example, and, of course, the majestic Tien Shan mountains with their resorts and breathtaking landscapes.
Tashkent ('stone city'; also spelled Toshkent), the capital of Uzbekistan, is in every respect a Central Asian regional center; it is the fourth largest city in the CIS with a population of about 3 million people. Today it has all the features of a modern metropolis and capital, with many attractive new buildings and objects in the Central Asian style, as well as Soviet times. Building. Tashkent is rich in museums, theaters and concert halls, there are many traditional Central Asian and European restaurants and clubs, as well as several very beautiful parks, including a zoo and a huge botanical garden. Tashkent is the only city in Central Asia that has an underground railway system (Tashkent Metro). It is probably one of the most beautiful in the world: its stations are true works of art, each with a unique design covering different themes such as famous people, events, valuable concepts, terms or just common nouns. Tashkent is a city of wide streets and numerous avenues, replete with trees; despite the fact that it is located in Central Asia, many evergreens have recently been planted here, in addition to its traditional plane trees, poplars, oaks, willows, etc. Tashkent looks modern - it grew to its current size mainly in Soviet times - but it is more than 2000 years old, and part of its old part, called the Old Town or the Old Town, is still preserved. In the Old City of Tashkent there is a huge traditional Central Asian bazaar (there are many large and small bazaars in the city, most of the farm products in the city are sold through them, and not through shops), as well as several monuments of Islamic architecture and quaint adobe mahallas, which are worth visiting for their the charm.
The architectural complex of Hazrati Imam (also spelled Hazrati Imam, Hazrat Imam, Hast Imam, Khast Imam, Khast Imam, Khast Imam) is the main historical site of Tashkent and the Islamic center, consisting of the Barak Khan Madrassah (also spelled Barak Khan), the Tilla Sheikh Mosque (also spelled Tillya Sheikh), Muyi Madrasah Muborak, Kaffal Shashi Mausoleum (also spelled Kaffal Ash-Shashi, Kaffal Ash-Shashi), Namazgo Mosque, as well as the new Khazrati Imam Mosque and the building of the Muftiyat (Muslim Administration of Uzbekistan or Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Uzbekistan), built in 2007.
Walking through the Old City of Tashkent is a bit like a journey into the past - labyrinths of narrow streets, low buildings, famous mosques and madrasahs. But if you really want to immerse yourself in the past, check out Khast Imam Square on Zarkaynar Street, east of Chor-Su Bazaar. Here is the famous madrasah of Barak-Khan. The Barak Khan Madrasah was built in the 16th century by order of the ruler of Tashkent, Nauruz Ahmad Khan, grandson of Mirzo Ulugbek. The rulers considered Nauruz Ahmad Khan to be a ruler who is lucky, so he was nicknamed "Barak Khan" or "Happy Ruler". Since then, the madrasah has been called by the nickname of its founder.
The Mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi is one of the most significant cultural and architectural monuments of Tashkent, a part of the historical and architectural complex of Hazrat Imam, located in the old part of the city.

Historically, the architectural ensemble of Hazrat Imam appeared thanks to the mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi, around which new buildings were erected, which formed a whole complex over the centuries. The square and the architectural ensemble were named Hazrat Imam ('Holy Imam') in honor of the famous imam, Koran expert, scholar and preacher Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi. The great scientist and theologian was born in Tashkent, in 903, in the family of a craftsman - Kaffal (master of skillful locks). The child was named after a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and the first caliph - Abu Bakr. He received an excellent education in the madrasah in Tashkent, and then in Bukhara, Termez and Samarkand. Abubakr was considered a disciple and spiritual successor of famous Muslim theologians and scientists - Imam Al-Bukhari and Muhammad at-Tirmizi. Deeply devoted to the Muslim religion, Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi repeatedly made a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, traveled to the largest cities of the Muslim world, meeting and discussing with the most prominent Muslim scientists of that time. His knowledge of theology was so great, and his authority was so indisputable, that in the Arab world Abubakr was called the Great Imam.

Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi devoted his life to the spread of Islam and religious education. That is why in 976, after the death of Kaffal ash-Shashi, the place where he was buried (in the suburban garden - Bogi-Keykaus, near the fortress wall of Tashkent) was considered holy. Mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal Ash-Shashi. Uzbekistan, TashkentThe building of the first mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi, built in the 10th century, has not survived. In its place, in the middle of the 16th century, a new mausoleum was built, which has survived to this day.

The mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi, which became a place of Muslim pilgrimage, was built in an unusual architectural style - khanaka (a shelter for dervishes and pilgrims). It has a rectangular shape and an asymmetrical design. In addition, it is located on a high platform that raises the mausoleum above the rest of the buildings. Despite its massiveness, the mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi seems to be directed to heaven, high and even slender, not only because of the platform, but also because of the dome crowning it. Interestingly, the portal faces north, and not towards Mecca, as in most mausoleums. In addition to the large cruciform hall, the building of the mausoleum has three tiers of cells (hujrs) for pilgrims located in the corner pylons.

In the 16th century, the entire mausoleum of Abubakr Kaffal ash-Shashi was covered with exquisite majolica, today you can see only a few preserved fragments. Some of the inscriptions can still be restored - these are the surahs of the Koran, they were written in white and gold. But the inscriptions made in green cannot be restored - this is information about the structure itself - the architects, craftsmen and good of the place where the mausoleum is located. It is here that the oldest panjara (window lattice), which is now 500 years old, as well as skillful doors of the 16th century, has been preserved. The Timurid era gave Uzbekistan many unique monuments of culture and architecture. One of them is the mausoleum of Yunus Khan of Moghulistan in Tashkent, the most unique monument of the Timurid era. The building is located next to the mausoleum of Sheikh Havendi at-Takhur and is part of the Sheikhantaur architectural complex. The mausoleum is part of the Islamic University complex.

The mausoleum of Yunus Khan was built in the 15th century and made in an unusual style for Uzbekistan - khanaka. Usually buildings built in the form of khanaka are associated with dervishes and the Sufi Muslim cult. The large two-storey mausoleum impresses not only with its size, but also with its architectural features, for example, a colonnade on the elevation of the building (revak).

The Mausoleum of Yunus Khan is a T-shape, more typical of Iranian mausoleums. Its complex configuration amazes anyone who enters here: the central cruciform hall ends with a tastefully decorated octagonal niche and two rows of hujras (cells). The cells are decorated with shield-shaped domes. The outer dome of the hall of the mausoleum of Yunus Khan is on a special cylindrical drum. You can get into the hall of the Mausoleum from three sides. The dome of the main tomb of the Mausoleum of Yunus Khan was built using gracefully intersecting sails and arches. The facades are decorated with fine Arabic script with a characteristic girih ornament. The interior of the Yunus Khan Mausoleum is quite simple. It is decorated with stone columns with traces of small stalactites (muqarnas) and panjars (window bars) of the main façade. The entrance door of the Mausoleum was originally different. The carved door that can be seen today was moved from the demolished quarter mosque in the 30s of the 20th century.

The upper parts of the mausoleum were destroyed by an earthquake in 1571 and rebuilt fourteen years later. The dome of the Mausoleum was reconstructed in 1970. The drawings of the building have not been preserved, so a complete reconstruction of the original architectural appearance was not possible.

Mausoleum of Yunus Khan Yunus Khan was a descendant of Genghis Khan and belonged to the Chagatai Khanate. At the same time, he was related to the Timurids - Mirzo Ulugbek and his grandson Zahiriddin Babur (son of Yunus Khan's daughter Mihr Nigar) - a great poet and statesman who founded the Mughal empire and wrote "Baburnama".

Yunus Khan was born in 1416. At the age of thirteen, he lost his father, after which he lived in exile in Iran for more than twenty years, in the city of Herat, then in Yazd, where he received an excellent education. Yunus Khan was taught by the famous historian Sherefeddin al-Yezdi, the famous author of the chronicles "The Book of Victories" ("Zafarname"), who served at the court of Amir Temur. Under his leadership, Yunus Khan studied literature, theology, Arabic and Persian languages. The future ruler had good creative abilities - he wrote poetry, composed songs and sang with pleasure, played musical instruments.

When he was forty years old, Yunus Khan returned to his homeland, where he became the Khan of the Mongol nomadic camp and ruled until the age of 69. After his death, his sons built the Mausoleum of Yunus Khan, which is still one of the most important architectural monuments of the Timurid era.

The mausoleum of Yunus Khan hides many secrets. For example, once the doors of the hall were musical: between the doors, skillful craftsmen built an ancient Uzbek musical instrument - chang. In addition, no deposits were found in the hall. Why? He still remains a mystery.

15 kilometers south of the border of the modern city of Tashkent, you can get to one of the oldest surviving memorial complexes of the capital. It was formed in the XIV-XIX centuries as a result of gradual expansions around the main building - the mausoleum of Zangi-ata, an important role in the construction of which was played by Amir Temur himself.

Zangi-AtaZangi-ata ("dark father") - the nickname that Ai-Khoja Sheikh received among the people because of the dark color of his skin. This great Sufi, who enjoyed great popularity in Tashkent during his lifetime (late 12th - first half of the 13th centuries) and was revered by the people here for many centuries after his death, was an emigrant of a noble Arab family. Zangi-ata was the fifth murid (student) of Ahmad Jassavi, the recognized spiritual leader of all the Turkic tribes of Central Asia, and preached in the Tashkent region until his death in 1258.

Perhaps it was only thanks to his great teacher that the name of Ai-Khoja Sheikh did not fall into oblivion, and the road to his grave was not covered with grass. According to legend, at the end of the 14th century, Amir Temur ordered the construction of the mausoleum of Ahmad Jassawi, but the walls of the mausoleum under construction for some unknown reason spilled. While the regent was sleeping, Ahmad Jassavi himself appeared to him in a dream and said that first it was necessary to build a mausoleum over the tomb of St. Zangi-Ata, the construction of which continued until the 20th century, and the mausoleum of Ahmad Jassavi was erected later, without any obstacles.

Zangi-Ata It was in 1914-1915 that the ensemble was replenished with an unusual minaret that grew up in front of the mosque. The minaret is completed in the style of a tower with two viewing platforms at different levels, designed to announce the beginning of the gathering of religious people for prayer. Its peculiarity lies in the form, which is not typical for minarets on the territory of Uzbekistan.

There is an asphalted passage that leads from the southern entrance to the mausoleum of Zangi-Ata to the mausoleum of his wife - the holy Ambar Bibi. This mausoleum, located 150 meters from the first mausoleum and located on the mazar (cemetery), was built at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries and is a relatively small unicameral building made of baked bricks 9 meters long, 6.5 meters wide and 13 meters high. 5 meters.

Ambar-Bibi is considered the patroness of women and mothers. Many women ask the Saint to give them children, as well as prosperity and peace in their families. According to the people, in order for this wish to come true, you need to walk around the Ambar-Bibi mausoleum three times in a clockwise direction, without separating your palms from its walls. You can often mention young ladies sweeping the passage around the mausoleum. People believe that this ritual helps cleanse the house of evil spirits and remove spells and debilitating diseases.

The construction of mausoleums has always been associated with the tradition of ancestor worship. Since ancient times, national festivals and celebrations have been held on the territory of this historical and cultural memorial. And even now, this special attraction is highly respected: thousands of people visit the Zangi-Ata complex every year.