The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy


Figure 5 . Three schemas for expressing banishment or removal (B ANISHMENT schemas) a



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Figure 5
. Three schemas for expressing banishment or removal (B
ANISHMENT
schemas)
a.
Schema with fixed 
DIRECTIONAL
 
 
 
 
 
b.
Schema with limited 
DIRECTIONAL
c.
Schema with no 
DIRECTIONAL
A second schema (figure 5b) occurs with 
echar

tirar
and 
arrojar
. The schema has a 
DIRECTIONAL
, but it can only express a source, usually introduced by the preposition 
de
‘from/of’. This is seen in (52) and (55) with the phrases 
de ahí 
‘from there’ and 
de entre 
vosotros 
‘from among you’. A final variant includes no 
DIRECTIONAL 
(figure 5c). Sentences 
(53) and (56) are examples of this schema.
These three schemas can be considered a family of schemas, which I will label the 
BANISHMENT 
schemas. They relate in similar ways to the central 
THROWING 
schema. First of 
all, the 
INITIATOR 
of the 
BANISHMENT 
schema does not always have to perform a physical 
action or produce energy of any kind. The 
INITIATOR
can simply ask the person to leave. Both 
physically removing someone and asking a person to leave are compatible with the 
BANISHMENT 
schema.
The 
MOVANT
in the 
BANISHMENT 
schema is usually a human, especially with 
echar

There is some variation at the level of the 
DIRECTIONAL
. In two cases, there is a 
DIRECTIONAL 
expressed in the sentence. In one case, the 
DIRECTIONAL
is a fixed phrase with a specific 
metaphoric meaning. In another case, the 
DIRECTIONAL 
is limited to describing sources. In the 
final case, no 
DIRECTIONAL 
appears at all. 
Non-reflexive physical animate 
MOVANTS
also appear with the phrase 
echar de 
menos
. It is a fixed phrase that means ‘to miss’. Sentences with this phrase mention both the 
person who has the feelings and the person who is missed. Example (57) shows that it is also 
possible to miss other inanimate entities.
(CdE:19-F, Preludio con fuga) 
(57) 
Los hijos no llegaron … y 
ninguno
los 
ECHÓ DE MENOS

‘The sons didn’t arrive … and 
nobody
MISSED
them’ 
I
NITIATOR
echar 
M
OVANT
a la calle 
I
NITIATOR
THROW
M
OVANT
SOURCE
I
NITIATOR
THROW
M
OVANT


71 | 
(58) 
Pero 
Balbina
lo 
ECHABA DE MENOS

(CdE:19-F, Casa de campo) 
‘But 
Balbina
MISSED
him’ 
(59) 
… 
el fumador
ECHA DE MENOS
el efecto de la nicotina… 
(CdE:19-AC, Enc:Fumar) 

The smoker
MISSES
the effect of the nicotine’ 
The 400-sentence corpus shows 9 examples of the 
MISSING 
schema. 
Echar de menos
is an idiomatic phrase. The meaning is mostly non-compositional: the meaning of the full 
phrase is not the sum of its parts. Instead the phrase as a whole has a very specific meaning, 
which seemingly has little connection to the ‘throwing’ sense of the verb. For that reason, it 
might be best to state that the 
MISS
schema for 
echar
is not semantically connected to the 
THROWING 
schema. Instead, they are only related by the fact that the same phonological form 
(
echar
)
 
appears in both.
The majority of the physical animate 
MOVANTS
are cases where the 
MOVANT
is the 
same individual as the 
INITIATOR
. The following sentences exemplify uses where the 
INITIATOR
throws him/herself in a specific direction.
(CdE:19-F, Gazapo) 
(60) 
Menelao
se levantó desnudo como estaba y se 
ARROJÓ

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