Review, 1990.
2.
Many of these ideas emerged from wonderful, stimulating discussions with doctoral students in the
Business Policy seminar at the Harvard Business School between 1993 and 1999. I wish to thank all of
those students, but in particular Don Sull, Tom Eisenmann, Tomoyoshi Noda, Michael Raynor,
Michael Roberto, Deborah Sole, Clark Gilbert, and Michael Overdorf for their contributions to these
ideas.
3.
The most logical, comprehensive characterization of processes that we have seen is in David Garvin,
“The Processes of Organization and Management,” Sloan Management Review, Summer, 1998. When
we use the term “processes,” we mean for it to include all of the types of processes that Garvin has
defined.
4.
See Dorothy Leonard-Barton, “Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New
Product Development,” Strategic Management Journal (13), 1992, 111–125. Professor Leonardi’s
work on this topic, in my opinion, constitutes the fundamental paradigm upon which much subsequent
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research is being built.
5.
See Wickham Skinner, “The Focused Factory,” Harvard Business Review, 1974.
6.
See, for example, Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman, In Search of Excellence (New York: Harper
& Row Publishers, 1982).
7.
See Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers,
1988). This description of the development of an organization’s culture draws heavily from Schein’s
research.
8.
See Nicole Tempest, “Cisco Systems, Inc. Post-Acquisition Manufacturing Integration,“r a teaching
case published jointly by the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and the Harvard
Business School, 1998.
9.
Steven C. Wheelwright and Kim B. Clark, Revolutionizing Product Development (New York: The
Free Press, 1992).
10.
See Kim B. Clark and Steven C. Wheelwright, “Organizing and Leading Heavyweight
Development Teams,” California Management Review (34), Spring, 1992, 9–28. The concepts
described in this article are extremely important. We highly recommend that managers interested in
these problems study it thoughtfully. They define a heavyweight team as one in which team members
typically are dedicated and colocated. The charge of each team member is not to represent their
functional group on the team, but to act as a general manager—to assume responsibility for the success
of the entire project, and to be actively involved in the decisions and work of members who come from
each functional area. As they work together to complete their project, they will work out new ways of
interacting, coordinating, and decision-making that will come to comprise the new processes, or new
capabilities, that will be needed to succeed in the new enterprise on an ongoing basis. These ways of
getting work done then get institutionalized as the new business or product line grows.
11.
See Jeff Dyer, “How Chrysler Created an American Keiretsu,” Harvard Business Review, July-
August, 1996, 42–56; Clayton M. Christensen, “We’ve Got Rhythm! Medtronic Corporation’s Cardiac
Pacemaker Business,” Harvard Business School, Case No. 698–004; and Steven C. Wheelwright, “Eli
Lilly: The Evista Project,” Harvard Business School, Case No. 699-016.
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CHAPTER NINE
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